Wanting to become an auditor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Needing to turn into an inspector - Essay Example The actual intent of the law is exhibited by looking at the authentic objectives of an organization, which furnish it with moral bearing and by inspecting the obligations of the bookkeeping experts who are responsible to the organization just as the overall population. These expert obligations are controlled by their authentic financial capacities. The significant duties of the outside evaluator are first, to assess budget reports and guarantee that such explanations mirror the money related realities of an organization and second, to intently screen the budgetary markets and question sporadic practices that would jumble the realities. To accomplish these goals the examiner needs to fall back on proficient skepticism.1 The ability of a bookkeeper is dependant to a huge degree on the expertise had in taking care of numbers. Since, this aptitude can be utilized to distort and misshape the genuine position, it must be presumed that without profound quality a decent bookkeeper is certainly not a good or moral bookkeeper. The auditor’s obligation is to guarantee that bookkeeping or the language of business is appropriately used with the goal that the monetary information is deciphered accurately. In addition, the capacity of the autonomous inspector is that of a guard dog and the reviewer needs to guarantee that the companys appraisals are sensible and not at change with the truth. Further, these evaluations are to be made based on a predictable arrangement, which doesn't change throughout the years. It is the obligation of the outer examiner to guarantee that the fiscal summary of an organization decently speaks to its budgetary situation as such confirmations are basic necessities for a proficient monetary market. The soul behind these capacities has been genuinely abused as of late. Dazzle emphasis on consistence with the standards, practices and shows has consigned to the foundation the immensely significant necessity that budget reports ought to give clear and unambiguous subtleties of the

The World of Culinary Arts Essay Example For Students

The World of Culinary Arts Essay Preparing food is regularly known as culinary workmanship. The word culinary is identified with the craft of making different sorts of food. A culinary working in eateries is regularly known as a cook or a gourmet expert. The culinary expert handily plans food that is satisfying to the eye and the sense of taste of the visitors. They are required to tone information on the study of food and the comprehension of diet and sustenance. They work fundamentally in eateries, inns, aircrafts, luxury ships, medical clinics and different establishments. Kitchen conditions rely on the interest and kind of cooking styles. The specialty Of causing different cooking styles to can be named as Culinary Arts. The historical backdrop of culinary expressions returns to asses when the absolute first cooking school was begun in Boston, America. Where encouraging the craft of preparing setting up the food were given to understudies, inurn they gave their insight to other people. The genuine upset began later in Culinary Arts through the TV where in 1946, James Beard began normal cooking classes in the specialty of American Cooking. The French cooking was presented in American homes by Julia Child, in asss hen through the intensity of the radio she entered all the kitchens across the country. We will compose a custom paper on The World of Culinary Arts explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The culinary organization of America or CIA was established and was the first of its sort in the nation to hold profession put together cooking courses with respect to the craft of cooking, The food and most recent developments overall depend on the fixings accessible around the locale, The dishes additionally rely on the social and the financial states of the city, district and nation. Food is one thing that has consistently been and will keep on being a major piece of our every day lives because of Emily plans that are acquired from the progenitors. The individuals who are keen on cooking. Go to culinary schools to gain proficiency with the workmanship and acquire their expert degree in the field of culinary expressions. The magnificence of this craftsmanship lies in the ability of understanding different sorts of tastes, introductions and nourishments primary highlights. The café business is quick moving with the pattern of starting better-enhanced food from nearby sources. Industry pioneers are advancing towards new activities including the treating the soil of food waste and reusing of cooking in lieu for serving financial and inventive dishes.

Gun Control4 essays

Firearm Control4 expositions In todays society, one of the serious issues we face is the utilization, and abuse of firearms. Firearms are fatal weapons that can change a people life genuinely and inwardly, for the most part when it isn't utilized appropriately. Numerous individuals have at any rate one handgun either in satchels or in homes for security, while others own weapons for their own pleasure. Notwithstanding the way that a weapon can secure an individual during self-preservation, it can likewise be risky on the grounds that it can damage and murder somebody. On the off chance that a weapon is kept at home, the possibility of an individual hurting a relative other than an interloper, is multiple times higher (Bender 140). In spite of the fact that it might fill in as a security to an individual, it can likewise be abused. This is the reason it should just be restricted to the utilization of specialists, for example, the administration, marines and the police. Passing by weapons is exceptionally basic in America. Once in a while the casualties are popular individuals like Ronald Regan, or President Lincoln. Frequently the casualty is a customary resident, for example, a family member or companion (Newton 7). This is one motivation behind why the utilization of firearms should just be restricted to specialists. The individuals who own a weapon may have direction, and that is, to ensure oneself, while others use it against one another. Possessing a firearm may spare lives during a robbery, however it will likewise put many individuals in danger. An individual who is separated from everyone else around evening time may presume a gatecrasher wandering around the house and takes shots at the suspect, not realizing that it was only a companion. Weapons that are kept at home are frequently coincidentally utilized against family or companions (Bernards 59). Another way that weapons are frequently utilized against one another is when brutality and contentions turn crazy. An individual wild won't think and pull out a weapon to attempt to take care of the issue. More mishaps happen when one uses their own handguns than counteraction of criminal assault (Bender 140). Claiming a firearm can likewise get under the control of an off-base individual. A youngster probably won't realize that the weapon he is ... <! Weapon Control4 articles Weapon control is an issue that has been bantered by Americans since the 1960s (Dolan 1). The discussion addresses the privilege of Americans to remain battle ready, this including, handguns, shotguns, and rifles. Some state a straightforward limitation of these arms is all together while some figure they ought to be prohibited by and large (Dolan 1). The two sides hold solid suppositions regularly causing strife in the issue and disarray among the residents of the United States. In any case, the rivals do concur that a passing pace of 30 million per year because of the amazing and destructive weapon is excessively high; just they have various perspectives on the most proficient method to bring down this rate. These arms, demonstrated by measurements, give the aftereffect of 30 million killings, suicides, and incidental passings every year (Dolan 1). The quantity of guns is assessed to be more than 150 million and dwarf the entirety of our own vehicles, trucks, and transports by in excess of 25 million (Dolan 7). An enormous level of these guns are held by half of the countries families that generally use them for the legal insurance of their homes and will probably never be utilized (Dolan 7). Also, the millions more are kept by capable athletes for chasing, trapshooting, and sport shooting, this was an answer from Dolan to an English guest to America, who was amazed by the figures of guns (7). Id state that the United States is an equipped camp, said the English guest (Dolan 7). In despondence to Dolans guarding the a huge number of firearms possessed by residents for assurance or game, the Englishman stated, One hundred and fifty million weapons. It doesnt matter what theyre utilized fo r. I theyre stacked someones bound to get hurt.(Dolan 7-8). America has one of the most elevated demise rates because of firearms, be that as it may, weapon passings are on the ascent in different nations, for example, Great Britain, France, Germany, and Australia (Hawkes 4). In the United States handguns are utilized in more than 184,00... <!

Three Renaissance Essay Topics

Three Renaissance Essay TopicsThree Renaissance topics would be studying the human mind, the question of philosophy and the question of education. These three Renaissance topics have been part of Renaissance cultures since the Middle Ages and in fact, it is the Renaissance topic that is usually taught first when students are beginning to learn. In fact, the two subjects of education are included as Renaissance topics. However, these topics are also part of a broad study of ancient civilizations, which could include the ancient Greeks, Romans and especially the Renaissance Italians.One can ask how the Renaissance brought about the Renaissance Essay. How did the Renaissance succeed in this endeavor?First, one needs to understand how Renaissance thought came about. What was needed to achieve a renaissance (in the word sense) was an awareness of the abilities of the human mind.So, the Renaissance figured out that not only did the human mind have the ability to think and dream, but it als o had the ability to think creatively. Therefore, all the scholars that created Renaissance thought decided to talk about three Renaissance topics, with the sole purpose of creating and spreading this knowledge. The Renaissance topics were for people to understand how to use the human mind to reach their goals and ideas. However, for this to be possible, the Renaissance scholars had to figure out how to improve the mind of the person.Thus, it is very likely that by the time people will have become a literate they will have already read and studied a lot of literature and studied the study of the school systems. However, for people to achieve a more refined Renaissance thinking the first Renaissance essays would be discussed. These will help the student to understand what a Renaissance thought is all about.Furthermore, the Renaissance essay topics help the student to make more interesting and engaging ideas in the course of his life. Thus, the student would be able to open up his min d to new ideas and a broader view of reality. The teacher can help the student by showing him a different way of looking at the world and why he should think this way.Thus, the Renaissance essay topics will always remain with the student of knowledge. The great thing about these Renaissance topics is that they will never die off. They are alive in the minds of every one of us and they will always be an important part of our lives. Hence, they are as important as the Renaissance Academy.

Understanding The Business Process Change - 1285 Words

Understanding Business Process Change To speak intelligently about the importance of understanding business process change as it relates to employment, it is important to define what business process change means. In the simplest of terms, business process change is a modification to a company’s existing business process. This process could be manual, automated or both. The goal of such changes are to improve the performance and productivity of a company. Advances in technology and globalization are two of the major drivers behind the increased popularity of business process change. â€Å"Change and relentless competition calls for constant innovation and for constant increases in productivity†¦ both call for an intense focus on how work gets†¦show more content†¦After reviewing the videos, I realized that these changes could affect my department but did not realize to what extent. Had I fully understood the ramifications of these changes, could I have taken a few precautions? Possible but there is no guarantee. Concerning future employment plans, I hope to be on the positive end of any upcoming business process changes be it formal or informal. Organizational change: Formal or Informal In terms of organizational change, business process changes is a part of the overall process. It also includes reviewing and modifying management structures. Therefore, it is understandable why the term â€Å"organizational change† is often synonymous with the term organizational structure. Moreover, organizations have both a formal or informal structure. In today’s evolving business environment, globalization, technological advances, changing consumer demand, economic conditions and competition are significant drivers that change how businesses operate. Characteristic organizational change can include three main stages: establishing the need for the change, implementation of said change and monitoring the change. Regardless of the scope and impact of the organizational change, the need for formal process changes are key to effective organizational change. Formal process

Compare and Contrast the Philosophical Contributions...

In order to begin analyzing Aristotle and Descartes contribution to our notion of a person, we need to be able to understand what the term ‘personhood means. Unfortunately there is no clear answer, with philosophers still presenting conflicting ideas. However by asking questions such as; is ‘personhood identical to human being? What is the essence of a person? What relation does a person have with the world? When does personhood begin? At what point if ever does it end? And finally what makes a good person? We move closer to a set of characteristics that make up a person. Therefore we can judge Aristotle and Descartes contribution to a person by evaluating their answers to such questions. Personhood being purely a human phenomenon is†¦show more content†¦Drawing on predessesors and Christian theologians view that the soul is the essence of a person, Descartes adds to the theory of the soul that it is located and connected to the body in the pineal gland. And as the organ is unique to humans, he is able to conclude that animals do not have souls, and therefore do not have the essence of a person. However, Descartes theory of the pineal gland has been almost universally rejected, mainly because his anatomical assumptions were wrong, as the pineal gland is not as Descartes said; suspended in the middle of the ventricles and is not surrounded by arteries but veins. Aristotle uses biology contrastingly to distinguish between animals and humans. A most notible difference is on the issue of animals having souls, in which Aristotle believes animals do have souls whilst maintaining personhood as only a human phenomena. Unlike Descartes rationalist approach, Aristotle being an empiricist believes that the ultimate source of knowledge is perception, and that we arrive at concepts firstly from experience and then we use reason to understand them. Through observation Aristotle is then able to allocate parts of the soul (what he refers to as the psuche) to species, enabling him toShow MoreRelatedExistentialism vs Essentialism23287 Words   |  94 Pagesthings have a set of characteristics that make them what they are, amp; that the task of science and philosophy is their discovery amp; expression; the doctrine that essence is prior to existence While, Existentialism:A philosophical theory or approach, that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free amp; responsible agent, determining their own development through acts of the will. Existentialism * is a philosophical term which posits that individuals createRead MoreHerbert Spencer Essay13142 Words   |  53 Pagespublished in 1859, completed Spencers evolutionary system by providing the mechanism by which organic evolution occurred. Spencer enthusiastically elaborated on Darwins process of natural selection, applying it to human society, and made his own contribution in the notion of survival of the fittest. From the beginning Spencer applied his harsh dictum to human society, races, and the state - judging them in the process: If they are sufficiently complete to live, they do live, and it is well theyRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesNote on the Translation by Bertrand Augst When Film Language was translated, nearly twenty years ago, very few texts about semiotics and especially film semiotics were available in English. Michael Taylor s translation represents a serious effort to make Metz s complicated prose, filled with specialized vocabularies, accessible to a public unfamiliar with the concepts and terms of semiotics. Excepting the inadequate translation of a few words which either cannot be translated into English or onlyRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesattract readers. Stanley Baronett. Jr., University of Nevada Las Vegas Far too many authors of contemporary texts in informal logic – keeping an eye on the sorts of arguments found in books on formal logic – forget, or underplay, how much of our daily reasoning is concerned not with arguments leading to truth-valued conclusions but with making choices, assessing reasons, seeking advice, etc. Dowden gets the balance and the emphasis right. Norman Swartz, Simon Fraser University v Acknowledgments

Are locusts next Essay Example For Students

Are locusts next? Essay Floods and fires play havoc with theatres economic stability July was the cruelest of months for the Iowa Summer Rep. Instead of audience members vehicles, the weekend of July 10 saw the parking lot of the Iowa City theatre filled with assorted carp and silverfish, none of whom had the slightest interest in seeing The Kentucky Cycle. As the Iowa River rose past the mark it is only supposed to reach once every 500 years, artistic director Eric Forsythe watched his pre-Broadway coup float away from his grasp. Over in Des Moines, the good customers of the Ingersoll Dinner Theatre were enjoying the first act of Annie when the river suddenly overwhelmed the local power station and all of the lights in the theatre went out. The Ingersoll then lost its water supply for several weeks, giving owner Charles Carnes his worst summer in memory. Cut off from civilization And at about the same time in Arrow Rock, Mo., Michael Bollinger was wondering if the selection of both The Rainmaker and Singing in the Rain for the same summer season had been asking for trouble. The Lyceum Theatre had just spent $700,000 on a brand new 338-seat theatre facility just one mile from the Missouri River. A 100-foot bluff saved the building from being swallowed by water, but the tiny town of Arrow Rock became virtually cut off from civilization as one road after another was closed down. That made it virtually impossible for audiences from Columbia or Kansas City to reach the theatre. After the local water treatment plant was flooded, bewildered imported actors from New York and Los Angeles were forced to drink from cans and take showers in plastic bags. Meanwhile, Bollinger and his staff were busy fielding hundreds of cancelled reservations. Theatres across the Midwest are still counting the costs of last summers unparalleled floods which played havoc with programming across the region, disrupting audiences and bank balances well into the fall. Although the floods came at a time when many regional houses were dark, summer and year-round operations across Illinois, Iowa and Missouri found themselves thrust into chaos. Debbie Denenberg of Missouris historic Goldenrod Showboat, based in St. Charles, Mo., estimates that the commercial operation lost over $250,000 when the boat was forced to shut down for its entire summer season of 14 weeks after the Mississippi suddenly became a less-than-calm place to pass a few hours. The reliable Goldenrod may have continued to float, as it has since 1909, but that did not mean anybody without his own boat could get anywhere near the banks of the river. Doused by the media Ironically, even theatres that remained relatively unscathed by the floods suffered from the common media-induced perception that an entire region of the country was under siege. Thanks to a floodwall, the town of Rock Island, Ill. was not flooded like the communities on the other side of the river. Still, the Circa-21 Dinner Theatre had to watch its precious bus parties cancel in droves all summer long. People thought we were all under water, complains producer Dennis Hitchcock. The flood really affected everyones attitude. The social problems caused by the disaster also had an unpleasant effect this autumn when theatres began to look to local businesses for their customary financial support. That problem was particularly acute in St. Louis, where many economically devastated residents were made homeless, and where many corporations diverted their usual philanthropic arts monies towards flood relief. Last season we had major corporate sponsors for three of our mainstage shows, says Ronald J. Himes of the St. Louis Black Repertory Company. This year we have only one. .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263 , .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263 .postImageUrl , .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263 , .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263:hover , .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263:visited , .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263:active { border:0!important; } .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263:active , .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263 .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: New faces EssayThe Repertory Theatre of St. Louis also had great trouble this fall trying to remind subscribers that it was time to renew, when most peoples minds were occupied with issues extratheatrical. Everyones attention was focused on recovering from the flood problems, says managing director Mark Bernstein. People were telling our telemarketers that they were completely tapped out. After a strong start to the annual campaign, the theatre finished with 500 subscribers fewer than the previous year, a drop that Bernstein attributes to residual problems from the summers disaster. Even though it suffered no direct flood damage, Iowa Citys Riverside Theatre has also seen its subscription base collapse. There has been a malaise over the entire community, says artistic director Ron Clark. People have had to choose between season tickets and new carpeting or dry wall. The theatre has lost 400 percent of its season subscribers, causing worrying financial instability. There is, of course, no midwestern monopoly on Acts of God. Just ask anyone who works on the West Coast. The Laguna Beach Playhouse came within inches of burning to a cinder last October, when fires swept across southern California. Embers landed on the theatres property, igniting grass just 100 feet from the building. Managing director Richard Stein stationed his loyal technical staff on the roof of the theatre, where they hosed down both the building and any adjacent trees. With cars parked ready for a quick evacuation and wearing respirator masks hurriedly pulled from the scene shop, staffers and volunteers frantically backed up computer data and loaded valuables into a van. Happily, the fire ultimately turned in a different direction and the theatre remained untouched, faring better than much of the rest of Laguna Beach. Importance of being insured What are the lessons to be learned from these theatres encounters with natural disaster? First, there is the importance of good insurance. The Laguna Beach Playhouse has recently added business interruption to its list of coverages. The fire made us all realize how vulnerable we were, says Stein. And that additional coverage was really not especially costly. Good communication with audience members is also important when crises hit. The same afternoon of the fire, Stein was calling the local press to reassure people that the theatre was unharmed. Bollinger made sure the whole region knew that performances at Arrow Rocks Lyceum were continuing as scheduled,even if audiences were both wet and tiny. Looking back with hindsight, the Iowa Summer Reps Forsythe regrets his understandable decision to cancel performances of The Kentucky Cycle one day at a time, hoping that at least some performances could be saved. That pattern of uncertainty was confusing for the audience, he now believes. When we rescheduled in the fall, people did not believe that we were really back. Instead of the theatres customary 95 percent of capacity, The Kentucky Cycle played in August to houses that were half empty. When disaster strikes, communities invariably pull together, giving theatres the chance to demonstrate their willingness to give something back to their supporters and enjoy some positive public relations. The Laguna Beach Playhouse gave away 200 tickets to local firefighters and wrote personal letters to subscribers who had lost their homes. Circa-21 offered free South Pacific tickets to Red Cross volunteers working on flood relief. Actors from the St. Louis Rep performed for families in flood shelters, and other St. Louis companies donated money from concession stands and lobby collections to relief efforts. Theatres throughout the region adopted a liberal exchange and refund policy, cheerfully returning the money of anyone who was waterlogged and unable to make it to any performance. If there was a positive side to the recent natural disasters, perhaps it was that many companies enjoyed a new sense of their value to their host communities. The Lyceums Bollinger especially enjoyed a local news report interviewing a motorist stuck in pouring rain on a flooded Interstate 70 in the middle of nowhere. I have to get through, the woman shouted to the sodden reporter. I have tickets for the theatre. .ud31892006ee314857b35ce0ab07c91b6 , .ud31892006ee314857b35ce0ab07c91b6 .postImageUrl , .ud31892006ee314857b35ce0ab07c91b6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud31892006ee314857b35ce0ab07c91b6 , .ud31892006ee314857b35ce0ab07c91b6:hover , .ud31892006ee314857b35ce0ab07c91b6:visited , .ud31892006ee314857b35ce0ab07c91b6:active { border:0!important; } .ud31892006ee314857b35ce0ab07c91b6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud31892006ee314857b35ce0ab07c91b6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud31892006ee314857b35ce0ab07c91b6:active , .ud31892006ee314857b35ce0ab07c91b6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud31892006ee314857b35ce0ab07c91b6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud31892006ee314857b35ce0ab07c91b6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud31892006ee314857b35ce0ab07c91b6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud31892006ee314857b35ce0ab07c91b6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud31892006ee314857b35ce0ab07c91b6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud31892006ee314857b35ce0ab07c91b6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud31892006ee314857b35ce0ab07c91b6 .ud31892006ee314857b35ce0ab07c91b6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud31892006ee314857b35ce0ab07c91b6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Robert Schlosser: reinventing the audience EssayChris Jones writes about theatre in the Midwest for Variety.

The Bottom Billion

Table of Contents Introduction Elements Solutions Elements That Do Not Match With Liberalism Realism Constructivism Works Cited Introduction The Bottom Billion was authored by Paul Collier and was published in two 2007. In his book, Collier explores the reasons behind persistent poverty in developing countries. The citizens of these countries continue to live in abject poverty in spite of the international aid. He points out that, in more than fifty-eight countries, there are an approximated one billion people who seem to be irredeemably stuck in poverty. Some of this people have never felt the impact of foreign aid.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Bottom Billion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to him, these people are trapped in poverty. Their living standards are plundering when the living standards of other people in other nations are improving. Life expectancy has sharply dropped to forty y ears as compared to sixty-seven years in the stable nations. Child mortality has grown up. The percentage of children who do not live to see their first birthday now stands at fourteen percent in comparison with a four percent in developed countries. Collier explains how the western governments give misplaced assistance to the poor nations. He argues that they have to do much more than giving them money. These developed nations and the aid agencies must shift from the traditional approaches of poverty alleviation. The methods have seemingly failed to work. The poverty syndrome has defeated them and, therefore, a new prescription has to be found. He puts forward solutions both to the developing countries and the western powers over what he feels should be done to pull these people out of poverty. Elements Paul Collier believes that these people are trapped. In his examination of the causes of poverty level among the bottom billion, he says that these people are concentrated in Africa and central Asia. He outlines the following as his reasons for stagnancy. The Conflict trap There are persistent civil wars and repeated military coups in these nations. These wars eat too much into funds that would have been directed to other sectors of the economy for development. The wars are extremely costly and incur large economic costs to these nations. Similarly, years after the war or coups are extremely delicate and fragile. These countries easily and painfully slip back due to the wars. This causes a recurrent situation with wars or coups succeeding other coups. During wars, a clique of people from poor countries and foreign countries strike out a beneficial deal, whereby they benefit from the war. They supply either arms or ammunitions to the fighting groups. In return, they are allowed to extract the natural resources that they export hence enrich themselves. These actions aggravate the situation, which ensures that conflicts are sustained. In most cases, the corrupt keep winning, making it extremely impractical for these nations to develop.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Natural Resources Trap The bottom billion nations have peculiar characteristics. Some of these are extremely ironical. The abundance of natural resources has become a curse. Nations endowed with resources have the worst instability as compared to those that have few resources. Collier attributes this to various reasons. The availability of the resources creates room for conflict. There are competing interests over the same resources, which is a cause of conflict. The second point he puts forward is that the presence of resources is a source of income to governments. The government, therefore, does not tax its citizens. This makes the population lack the necessity to hold their government accountable as far as financial spending is concerned. This is an open window for go vernment officials who would be handed a blank check when it comes to expenditure. Most of these officials misuse the opportunity to satisfy their selfish interests. The presence of valuable natural resources that are exploited impacts negatively on other competitive sectors of the economy. Generation of income from this exploitation leads to currency valuation and other industries are affected. In Collier’s opinion, globalization has made matters worse. The resources that are extracted in these nations end up in stable countries. This contributes to the persistence of problems. Landlocked countries Some countries that fall in the bottom billion category are landlocked. This comes in two perspectives. The naturally landlocked nations do not have a coastline. This restricts their accessibility to the world through the seas. This means that they only access the world via their neighbors. Poor infrastructure network makes their link with neighbors inaccessible. This hinders su ch countries from fully exploiting their economic potential. The other problem comes when the nation is landlocked, and furthermore its neighbors have serious instabilities. This bit cuts off the developing nation from the rest of world. These challenges pose a serious threat and make it extremely impractical for these nations to tap from the world economic growth. Bad governance Paul Collier argues that poor governance critically affects small countries. This is caused by regular military coups that overthrow legitimate government. Another effect is that corruption tilts the electorate to lean towards poor leaders. It is also said that some stable nations literally interfere with these nations by funding politicians who cannot run an economy. He explains that unstructured governments with incapable leaders destroy economies of the countries at an alarming speed. Developing nations have a low cost of living. This should be an exceptionally good ground for investors with a labor-in tensive work. However, investors are scared due to the unpredictability of the security condition.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Bottom Billion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These nations are also unknown. Investors, therefore, opt to invest in more development countries such as China. Investment that would have served to improve these nations is channeled elsewhere (Collier 26). Solutions Paul Collier clearly explains that the development and political stability of these nations are essential to the stability of the world at large. Therefore, the West has a moral responsibility to put to an end the problems and sufferings that people of these nations face. Collier, in his book, proposes measures that are pragmatic financially, but quite challenging to governmental institutions. He believes that in order for these nations to succeed the following measures should be considered. The aid agencies should ta ke risks. He elaborates that the agencies have to concentrate on extremely risky and difficult environments. For instance, the population may not be knowledgeable enough to question the accountability of their governments. This may require among other things educating the citizenry on accountability. The governments of the poor nations would fight these steps hard. They may respond by deporting foreign staff. However, if there is unity of purpose among these agencies, they will succeed. The second measure that he outlines is appropriate military intervention. He avers that, during these persistent civil strives, the western powers should launch a carefully calibrated assault on the warring factions. He gives the example of the British intervention in Sierra Leone. This will guarantee democratic governments success over the militia groups that are corrupt and only seek to mismanage the economy through misappropriation of funds for personal gain. The newly instituted governments ought to bring in new laws, which should be against corruption. The third approach proposed by Collier addresses the international organizations. He urges the organizations to ratify charters with the ethics of protocol. The charters are to be drafted and enforced to encourage good governance. He finally urges the western powers to adopt free trade policies with the bottom billion getting preferences for their export products. The external market will be opened to these nations, and in the process, they will learn a lot.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Elements That Do Not Match With Liberalism Paul Collier may have discussed exceeding many factors that favor liberalism. However, some of his arguments do not categorically match with liberalism. Taking a position to explain that the availability of resources reduces the citizens’ capacity to hold the government accountable is vague. The resource availability, however, much they generate an income, can never influence the government to a level that it can stop taxing the population. The government has to tax its citizenry in order to get adequate finances. His explanation of this point leaves us with a notion that nations in the bottom billion are ruled through laissez-faire. This form of leadership no longer exist Some of his proposed solutions will not work towards liberalization, particularly military intervention in the civil war times. The aim of his proposals is to save the citizenry from the cruelty of these countries. Regular military action, however, well choreograph ed, will attract resistance from the population. When the troops are in war, citizens will feel the heat. This will be referred to as collateral damage. Examples can be drawn from Iraq, Afghanistan, and Somalia. The US intervened, but it faced roadblocks from the population. War will also destroy the infrastructure, which he points out as a necessity. NATO attacked Libya to help the rebels overthrow Ghaddafi’s government. He was toppled, but the country was left with serious infrastructural problems. Realism Looking at Paul Collier’s arguments that lean towards liberalism, some of his evaluations and proposals conflict sharply with some realism facts. While Collier lays his foundation on striving to ensure equality among all nations, realists believe that world politics are guided by self-interests. Collier’s bottom billion argues with the mind that the western powers can pull the poor states from poverty for the benefit of the poor states stability. Realists ju stifiably argue that self-interests dictate the engagement with other nations. Collier quotes the British involvement in Sierra Leone. He does not state the British interests in the involvement. There were British interests. That is why realists had justifiable reasons to assert that states engagements with others are based on self-interests. By recommending military interventions, Collier is insinuating that other states can control other sovereign states. This is not practical. In realism, sovereign states cannot be dictated. For example, The British intervened in Sierra Leone. The nation still fights to date. The US intervened in Iraq and Somalia, but the civil wars persist to date. The main reason is that once the citizens sink to the idea that they are sovereign, and then will resist any attempt by foreign powers to interfere with the domestic affairs. He disagrees with the idea that states will always attain resources. He does not state the role of the US in the Democratic Rep ublic of Congo. The reasons behind government treaties and too much allocation of cash for exploration clearly approve the realist approach that nations are constantly seeking to increase their resources. Whereas Collier wants both the Western powers and International organizations to take serious steps to change the bottom billion, he forgets that these multinational organizations are run by the sovereign states. These states choose the officials and fund them. It is, therefore, in order to concur with realists that multinationals do not have independent influence. The West must determine what multinationals do because they give the funds to them. For several years, donors have demanded that the government of Ghana should align and harmonize its programs to suit their rules. There have been calls from donors to change the funding modalities from focusing on one sector to a budget support modality. In 2006 and 2008, donors contributed an approximated 13.8 percent and 14.33 percent o f the budget respectively Neo-realism also called structural realism states that nations are primary actors because no political monopoly is above existing states. Collier encourages the west to intervene militarily in the civil war cases. He forgets that they have failed before and will fail again if the same mistakes are repeated. If citizens reject then it is over. Collier cries out that war is costly, and the money should have done better projects had the regions been peaceful. This is quite intriguing because he goes ahead to call for military intervention. The question is who foots the costs of the war by the West. Realists assert that Countries must constantly prepare for conflict through economic and military buildup. Constructivism Paul Collier’s ideas happen to cut across the human life. He puts forward some ideologies that conflict with the constructivism theory in international relations. Collier lays almost all the problems of development on resources. He forgets to evaluate the hidden factors such as competition for natural resources. Constructivism holds the view that primarily shared ideas rather than material forces determine associations. There are goals, needs, and intentions behind the rivalry over resources. This is a fact that constructionists hold dearly. Collier fails to capture the interests of other states in the nations in the bottom billion. He notes that the third support persistent civil strives that would lead to fragile conditions immediately after the war. This makes countries constantly at war. The best example is the Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, and Sudan. Proponents of constructionist state that international relation is a social construction. This is built over time. In Collier’s bottom billion, he believes that all solutions to problems of the third world rest with the Western powers and international organizations. It is impractical for a western government to move into one of the countries that fal l in the bottom billion and install changes with an immediate impact. Therefore, social constructionist becomes more applicable. The ideologies have a great effect and can easily trump the materialistic power. The effects are far reaching. This is why the perception is very important. Collier opposes this by proposing actions that seek instant material changes. Instead of suggesting institutional changes, he agitates for military deployment to install democratic governments. These attempts have failed elsewhere due to what constructs call perception. The effectiveness of the donor-funded project is evaluated using the indicators designed by citizens. For instance, the community might use scorecards to establish the effectiveness of the project. Works Cited Collier, Paul. The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done About It. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print This essay on The Bottom Billion was written and submitted by user Nickolas Roth to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Border States of the Civil War

The Border States of the Civil War Border states was the term applied to a set of states which fell along the border between North and South during the Civil War. They were distinctive not merely for their geographical placement, but also because they had remained loyal to the Union even though slavery was legal within their borders. Another characteristic of a border state would be that a considerable anti-slavery element was present within the state which meant that, while the economy of the state would not have been heavily tied to the institution of slavery, the population of the state could present thorny political problems for the Lincoln administration. The border states are generally considered to have been Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri. By some reckonings, Virginia was considered to have been a border state although it did eventually secede from the Union to become part of the Confederacy. However, part of Virginia split away during the war to become the new state of West Virginia, which could then be considered a fifth border state. Political Difficulties and the Border States The border states posed particular political problems for President Abraham Lincoln as he tried to guide the nation during the Civil War. He often felt the need to move with caution on the issue of slavery, so as not to offend the citizens of the border states and that tended to annoy Lincolns own supporters in the North. The situation greatly feared by Lincoln, of course, was that being too aggressive in dealing with the issue of slavery might lead the pro-slavery elements in the border states to rebel and join the Confederacy which could be disastrous. If the border states joined the other slave  states in rebelling against the Union, it would have given the rebel army more manpower as well as more industrial capacity. Furthermore, if the state of Maryland joined the Confederacy, the national capital, Washington, D.C., would be put in the untenable position of being surrounded by states in armed rebellion to the government. Lincoln’s political skills managed to keep the border states within the Union, but he was often criticized for actions he took that some in the North interpreted as appeasement of border state slave owners. In the summer of 1862, for instance, he was condemned by many in the North for telling a group of African American visitors to the White House about a plan to send free blacks to colonies in Africa. When prodded by Horace Greeley, the legendary editor of the New York Tribune, to move faster to free slaves 1862, Lincoln responded with a famous and deeply controversial letter. The most prominent example of Lincoln paying heed to the particular circumstances of the border states would be in the Emancipation Proclamation, which stated that slaves in states in rebellion would be freed. Its notable that the slaves in the border states, and thereby part of the Union, were not set free by the proclamation. The ostensible reason for Lincoln excluding the slaves in the border states from the Emancipation Proclamation was that the proclamation was a wartime executive action and thus only applied to the slave states in rebellion- but it also avoided the issue of freeing slaves in border states which could, perhaps, have led some of the states to rebel and join the Confederacy.

Company analysis of Ooredoo (previously known as Q-tel) Research Paper

Company analysis of Ooredoo (previously known as Q-tel) - Research Paper Example The company is headquartered in Doha, Qatar and is growing ambitiously by capturing the opportunities that exist in the emerging market in the world. The Ooredoo Group operates with a wide range of brands in the communication industry and provides a collection of services which include mobile telephones, broadband, digital technologies and fibre technologies to serve their customer and the business industry. The core vision of Ooredoo is to enrich the lives of the people by being the leading communications company at the international stage. The Ooredoo group is committed to let their customer live their aspiration. This has been achieved for a huge customer base in international societies who are closely connected with their operators. The operators of Ooredoo keep close linkages with the communities and fulfil their daily needs. The markets of Ooredoo are present in Iraq, Indonesia, Oman, Algeria, Tunisia, Kuwait, Maldives, Palestine and Qatar. The chairman of Ooredoo, H.E. Sheikh Abdullah Bin Mohammed Bin Saud Al Thani enjoys the status of minister of state and has been instrumental in implementing effective corporate governance, corporate accountability and maximizing the wealth of its shareholders. In line with the vision statement, Ooredoo has a mission to become the leading international communications company in the world. ... For this Ooredoo maintains underlying ethics of true financial disclosures. Ooredoo group is committed to fulfil its corporate social responsibility by extending support to the communities and groups for charities in Qatar thereby returning the benefits to the society. The group also has a vision of contributing actively to social causes in the field of healthcare, education, sports, environmental aspects and welfare of the society. Ooredoo supports the national program for spreading awareness towards electronic wastes and their disposal techniques which helps in protecting the environment. Apart from that the company sponsors school events, educational projects. Ooredoo also supported construction of a full-fledged kidney dialysis centre in Qatar. As an outcome of adhering to the core values in line with the vision and mission statement, Ooredoo has achieved an eight fold growth from $800 million to $7.5 billion at the end of 2010 under the leadership of its management. Identificati on of stakeholders The stakeholders of the Ooredoo have increased as the company has expanded its operations in several markets all over the world by catering to the emerging needs in telecommunication. Ooredoo being a leading international communications company has both internal as well as the external stakeholders. The chairman of the Board of Directors, the governing body, representatives of the government and representatives of the private sector present in the governing body, the shareholders of the company and the employees of Ooredoo comprise of the internal stakeholders. The framework of policies of the organisation and implementing of those

Control System -inkwell Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Control System -inkwell - Coursework Example A review of this system is targeted at enhancing how the company handles its employees’ remuneration and other work packages. In this report, the chosen system for review is the payroll system, whose investigations are expected to provide a summation of the entire accounting system that is in operation in the organisation. A study of Inkwell’s payroll system shall entail an in-depth examination of the organisational activities such as the tax management, tracking of taxes that have been withheld, analysis of the record of hours employees work, and a record of the paychecks issued to employees (Bragg, 2006.p.125-129). To assess the payroll system being used by the company with the motive to provide recommendations for its improvement in efficient employee management. The payroll system, being a core accounting system is essential to the management as it streamlines the organisation’s ability to stay on top of its regulatory and legal responsibilities. Therefore, this report shall seek to identify the weaknesses within the organisation’s payroll system, and determine the needs that require improvement. Therefore, the report shall outline the cost-benefits analysis of implementing the payroll system’s improvements in Inkwell Limited (Bragg, 2003.p.85-92). It is expected that as a result of this review, it would be possible for the payroll system being used to effectively process payroll reports that can be used to make tax withholding summaries. The covering of this system’s evaluation in this report has been achieved as part of an accounting assessment, which is part of the AAT level 4 accounting. 2.1 Inkwell Limited is a Limited Company with a larger section of its operations majored in the private sector. However, its specialisation in the re-manufacturing or re-cycling of used laser toner and printer cartridges. The company’s sales targets are achieved by distributing its products through a nationwide chain that comprises over 60 high

Why Effective Communication Is Important Essay Example for Free

Why Effective Communication Is Important Essay 1. Understand why effective communication is important in the work setting? Communication is the key to understating and being understood. Commotion is essential for our survival and we use it in every aspect of our lives from the moment we are born. E.g. Talking, shouting, crying, reading, writing, seeing and listening. Body language and ecpressions are also use when communtatin. We all communicate with each other to achieve goals in ife, whether it be physical or emotional. Communication allows us to convey information, thought , moods. ( Eg. Happiness , sadness,anger). As a human being we all have a basic need to relate to each other and effectively expressing ourselfe through communication. In work setting it enables us to create and maintain relationships with everyone we have contact with. Identify the different reasons people communicat? There are lots of different reasons people communicate. People need to express needs and share ideas and information to build relationships and ask questions. It essential tool a caer can use to meet the needs of children. This is a basic requirerment in all jobs to communicate with individuals and their families and staff on a daily basis. 1.2 Explain how communication affects relationships in the work setting? Communication can affct relationships in many ways in a work setting. Read more:  Explain the reasons why people communicate  essay Colleagues The manager Supervisor Parents of the children and children Effective communication- is a two way proess. When communication you need to send clear and concise message to the responding party. Everyone most be understood correctly to have a response. We can also communicate by telephone, written notes, email, text messages and vocal. 2. Be able to meet the communication and language needs, wishes and preferences of individuals? Communication can be difficult, especially when you are in a situation where you are unsure of the language and abilities of those who you are associating with. Its always best when you meet someone to begin communication on your own terms; if you speak English greet them as such, although ensure that you are speaking slowly and clearly. It should be fairly easy to work out whether they have not understood due to communication impairments or language differences based upon their reaction to your initial introduction. If they have disabilities, try to communicate through body language or they may even be able to lipread; perhaps try both to see which they are receptive to, and continue from there. If they seem to be speaking a different language, you can either try speaking in a different tongue (should you know another) or again try body language. You may even know someone nearby who may be able to help you out. 2.2 Describe the factors to consider when promoting effective communication? 3. Be able to overcome barriers to communication 3.1 Explain how people from different backgrounds may use and/or interpret communication methods in different ways 3.2 Identify barriers to effective communication 3.5 Explain how to access extra support or services to enable individuals to communicate effectively Here are some ways of access extra support or services. There is a number of services that can accessed to support communication. Interpreters Translators signers aduocators There is lots of different specialisr equipment for people that need them. Induction loops braille embossers and printers makaton. The local government body should provide language support services. British sign language interpreters deaf blind interpreters lip speakers or readers You can find services y utilised by educationa; and health sevices through a booking system. There is a local authority educational deportment access to a tea support specialistis indvding speech and language therapists. You can also find information on the internt various specialist website.

gattom Importance of the Automobile in The Great Gatsby Essay

The Importance of the Automobile in The Great Gatsby    F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby was written about a time of gaiety for a certain set of people. One of the major thematic aspects of the book is driving and the automobile. At the time the book was written the car had begun its establishment as a national institution. This is apparent in one of the central events in the book. Tom's unfaithfulness first comes to light from a car accident in Santa Barbara. He misguides the car and the misdirection of his life is made glaringly evident. The automobile affected Fitzgerald and it influenced the writing in The Great Gatsby. Driving is equated with living. Nick Carraway, describing their ill-fated trip from New York in Chapter Seven of The Great Gatsby says, "...we drove on toward death..."(143) This is both literal and metaphorical. They were driving toward the horrific scene of Myrtle's death. The entire novel deals with living, which is a movement toward death. Driving becomes a metaphor for living. Automotive transport becomes the rhetoric for describing everything. Even nature is related to automobiles. Nick describes the season in terms of elements associated with cars. "Already it was deep summer on roadhouse roofs and in front of wayside garages where new red gas-pumps sat in pools of light..."(25). For these people driving is about the new way of getting around quickly and living life fully. No one is exempt from being touched by the influence of cars. Fitzgerald incorporates the automotive metaphor into every aspect of his novel. This is especially evident when Fitzgerald describes people. Often the basic terminology used is automotive related. Daisy describes Tom as a "great big hulking physical specim... ...ed" that draws the automobile metaphor into it. It is the hit and run style of living that makes The Great Gatsby such a wonderful book, and Fitzgerald's continuous use of cars helps to keep this a vivid image. Works Cited Berman, Ronald. The Great Gatsby and Modern Times. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1994. Dillon, Andrew. "The Great Gatsby: The Vitality of Illusion." Arizona Quarterly 44.1 (1988): 49-61. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York. New York.: Scribner., 1995. Godden, Richard. "The Great Gatsby: Glamor on the Turn." Journal of American Studies 16.3 (1982): 343-371. Mizener, Arthur, ed. F. Scott Fitzgerald: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1963. Trilling, Lionel. "F. Scott Fitzgerald." Critical Essays on Scott Fitzgerald's "Great Gatsby." Ed. Scott Donaldson. Boston: Hall, 1984. 13-20.

EXP Syllabus

I will be grading it relatively harshly, but†¦ If you want to raise your grade, you can make the edits I have suggested, and turn the new paper in ALONG WITH the original, edited paper, and that will raise your grade quite a bit. Goal: the goal here is to work on 3 things: allowing you to investigate a memory related topic of your choice, increasing your military with research/scientific methodology, and working on your writing and editing skills. Due Date: there will be 3 times in this semester when papers will be handed in to me, but you only have to do ONE paper.I'm having you all not turn them all in at once because that would take me forever to grade, as I put in a lot of effort to helping you edit and learn to do scientific writing. First Batch of Papers, due: 2/10 Second Batch of Papers, due: 317 Third Batch of Papers, due: 3/31 You will sign up for which date you want to turn in your paper during class. I will pass around 3 sheets and it will be first come first serve. A s such, I'm guessing most people will sign in for the latest date, but if you do get stuck with the early ones, it will probably be a good thing.The semester always gets busier as you go, so I bet it will help to get this out of the way early so you can focus on other classes. Sons Studies. Simply sign-up and participate in 4 credits worth of Sons studies. If you do that, this portion of your grade will be the full 20%. These are GAME POINTS, so easy to get full credit here, so get them done early. Participation. We will have numerous in-class discussions, which should give you n opportunity for me to learn who you are. Definitely speak up and don't be shy; being active in your education is very important.Another opportunity for participation points will be in-class activities! I will have you do various things and put your name on it, if you do a good Job and take the activities seriously, that will count towards your participation grade. Extra Credit. I will randomly give out pop quizzes in class, but they will be worth extra credit only. They can't hurt your grade. There will also be extra credit available to the winning teams during our Jeopardy view days. Warning: on top of the usual topics, there will be an â€Å"random† category of question.If you'd like additional extra credit, you can sign-up to present your article in front of the class (see course calendar). The presentation will be about 10 minutes long. You will describe the topic/article you read about, discuss your critique of it, and discuss your idea for future studies. Email me EARLY to reserve a spot. Slots will be filled on a first come first serve basis. Course Policies: Attendance is NOT mandatory. There is no way to take attendance in a class like this. However, you will miss out on some opportunities if you don't show up.Participation is highly encouraged. I will be calling on people, some who raise their hands and some who do not raise their hands. If this makes you really anxio us, you may email Honesty: This course operates on the University's Code of Academic Integrity. This Code of Academic Integrity reflects the values articulated in the Student Code of Standards. All students are expected to adhere to a standard of academic conduct, which demonstrates respect for themselves, their fellow students, and the educational mission of Florida International University. No cheating, no popularizing.

Ownership of Land - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1704 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? This question requires detailed analysis on laws relating to ownership of the land and title to items found in or on the surface of the land. As the principle of law states ‘whoever owns the soil owns everything up to the heavens and down to the depth of the earth’. A person having proprietary rights in the land also has the control of it above and below the surface of the ground, anything that is part of the land, and anything that is sufficiently attached to the land. However this does not mean that a person having control of the land has the right to anything that may be in or on his land. A clear distinction has been drawn between situations where objects are found in the land or on the surface of the land. If an object is found in or attached to the land, the owner of the land has the best claim to it providing that the true owner was not found. Where the object is resting on the ground the position will be different, because the finder of the ob ject then has a better claim to the object. This issue has troubled lawyers long as to who is the lawful owner of items found in or on the land; I shall be discussing the principles of law in question with reference to case law and relevant Statutory Acts Possible claimants who may be entitled to claim the pottery vase found are the Crown, under the Treasure Act 1996; Bryn, as the finder of the object; Carrie as his employer or as a person in occupation of the land; and Zac as the owner of the land. The pottery vase discovered by Bryn may belong to the Crown as treasure under the Treasure Act 1996. An item that falls within the statutory definition of ‘treasure’ is the property of the Crown. According to s.1 of the Treasure Act 1996 ‘treasure’ is defined as an object which is not a coin and is at least 300 years old either gold or silver with 10% of precious metallic content. Under para (a) of s.1 (1) coins can also qualify as a treasure where two or more coins from the same find are found and they are at least 300 years old containing at least 10% of precious metal. We do not have sufficient information to suggest whether the coins found would be ranked as a treasure or not, however if it was a treasure the pottery vase would also be likely to be ranked as a treasure. Assuming that the object found is not a treasure. The next issue is to identify who has the best title to it. The claim to ownership depends on where the object was found. Due to insufficient information it may be assumed that the object was found on the surface of the ground. Bryn as the finder of the object may have a good claim for it. The case of Armory v Delamirie suggests that the finder does not obtain an absolute right to the finding but he can keep it providing that the true owner is not found. In English law the person who can establish a prior possession to an object has a better claim than the person who acquires the possession later] Costello v Der byshire Chief Constable. In this situation the issue is whether Carrie, the owner of the land on which the object was found can be considered to have possession of it before it was found. It is possible for Carrie to have possession of the object which is lying around her land even though she doesn’t know about it, but only if she has manifested an intention to exercise control over the land and things upon it i.e animus possidendi. This depends on whether the land where the object is found was open to public or not, thus in the case of Brides v Hawkesworth the courts held that a traveller who found a bag of money in a shop has a better title to it than the owner of the shop because the shop was open to public at the time he found the object. In parker v British Airways Board, British airways exercised partial control of airport lounge by checking tickets and allowing specific passengers to enter the lounge was held to be insufficient to allow it that it had superior rights t o any objects found in the lounge. The item was found in Carrie’s garden which is a private property and Bryn was there only for gardening purposes, the requisite intention to manifest control will be inferred readily (). Carrie may have a better claim than Bryn on the grounds that Bryn was employed by Carrie and as an employer she had a clear right to direct how anything in the garden should be dealt with. Where in the course of employment an item is found by an employee, his employer has a better right to it than the employee; this was the decision in South Staffordshire Water Co v Sharman. This principle also includes independent Contractors City of London Corporation v Appleyard. As Bryn was employed by Carrie and anything that he finds on the land during the course of his employment, he finds on Carrie’s behalf. Bryn would therefore have mere custody of the item and Carrie would have the legal possession of the item, Carrie is likely to have a better claim than Bryn. Against this there is a strong counter-argument that the pottery vase was found buried in the ground by Bryn whilst gardening. In English law where an item is found in the ground the landowner (Zac) is entitled to it, providing that the true owner cannot be found. Animus possidendi of the free hold owner of the land is presumed where chattels are attached or buried in the land, so he will have superior rights than the finder of the object parker v British Airways Board. In the case of Elwes v Brigg Gas Company the lease holder could not claim a better title to a pre-historic boat found buried in the soil. It was held to belong to the freehold owner of the land. In the given scenario if the pottery vase was found buried in the ground then Zac being the freehold owner of the land would have a better title. Alternatively if Carrie could prove that the item had come on to the land during her tenancy, she may claim a better title than Zac. The next issue is to identify who h as a better title to the diamond brooch, which Carrie found whilst walking on the land which was owned by Mr Cartwright. Again due to insufficient information it cannot be suggested whether the item found falls under the definition of ‘treasure’ or not so ownership would not vest in the Crown. Possible claimants who may be entitle to claim the brooch might therefore include Mr Cartwright, as the true owner of the land; and Carrie by virtue of ‘finders keepers’ principle. Assuming that the object found does not qualify as a treasure, we then have to find out who could claim a better title to the brooch. In the given situation the brooch was found sticking out from grass, which might have come up to the surface due to the rain. Where a chattel is attached to the land or buried under the land the freehold owner of the land can generally establish a possession to it prior to that of the finder. The freehold owner of the land in this situation is Mr Cartwrigh t. To acquire property rights in the item Mr Cartwright has to show that he had manifested intention to exercise control over the land. Where the chattel is affixed to or buried in the land, the freehold owner’s intention is presumed, so Mr Cartwright will have right to the item superior to those of the finder parker v British airways, if the was found in the ground. The next issue is to identify who has a better title if the item was found on the ground and it was never buried under the ground. The party who lost the brooch originally has an earlier property right in the brooch, and if the party came forward it would be able to claim the title to the brooch. We do not have sufficient information available to conclude whether the true owner of the brooch will be able to claim it or not. The next party which may have a superior claim to assert the title is Carrie. This scenario can be related to the case of Hannah v peel, where the claimant found a brooch in defendantâ⠂¬â„¢s house which was not attached to the ground nor buried under. She gave it to the police who then gave it back to the defendant who sold it. The claimant sought to claim back the possession of the brooch. It was held that the landowner was not aware of the existence of the brooch until it was brought to his attention by the police; therefore he cannot claim any title over the item found. On the one hand, the result in parker v British Airways Board is consistent with the position in Hannad v peel. British airways did not acquire a property right in the bracelet simply because it was lost and found on its land The court considered the decision in Bridges v Hawkesworth and decided that The point to discuss here is the important general principle that if a party takes physical control of an object, that party acquires a property right in that. This is a fundamental principle of law, so even a thief can rely on it even though he has dishonestly taken control of an object he stil l acquires a property right in it Costello v Chief Constable of Derbyshire. So in the given situation Carrie clearly has a property right in the brooch, she acquired the right simply by taking control of the item. Just as the chimney sweep’s boy in Armory v Delamrie acquired a property right by taking physical control of the jewel Carrie has acquired the right to the brooch. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ownership of Land" essay for you Create order