Was Hamlet Crazy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1656 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/04/08 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Hamlet Essay William Shakespeare Essay Did you like this example? Shakespeares Hamlet is a complex piece of literature in its entirety. In fact, the story is so multi-fauceted that it is almost open to interpretation, which many scholars argue that this was actually Shakespeares intention. Nonetheless, a variety of points of views come to mind as the story unfolds, accompanied by an even broader variety of themes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Was Hamlet Crazy?" essay for you Create order For instance, pieces of the plot and the way in which they were articulated demonstrate perspectives such as traditional revenge trajety, Fruedian elements, religious, Marxists approach of mourning, and most importantly, a Philosophical or existential approach. Hamlets epic tale of loss, self discovery, morality, and faith, alongside the variety of thematic approaches, all spark the question: was Hamlet crazy? This question is not merely subject to debate, but is impossible to prove or solve because psychological soundness knows no specific criteria to meet in order to be either sane or not; the concept in itself is usually too nuanced for a reader to find irrefutable proof about someones sanity, especially a round character like Hamlet. However, Shakespeare intended to depict lessons regarding morality and the inner workings of humanity as a whole, and had he written Shakespeare to be completely mad to the point where his decision making may differ from the majority of the human race, such themes would be lost and so would the majority of the storys meaning. In essence, each perspective and point of view listed previously bleeds together and helps understand this piece of literature in its own unique way, while also dealing with the running continuity regarding Hamlets sanity. For example, Freudians structural theory details how experiences/adversity a person faces shapes behavioral habits and personality traits. The main and defining conflict Hamlet faces is the fact that he is supposed to avenge his fathers death by killing his uncle. In his fear and uncertainty, Hamlet takes a lot of time to stall and think about whether or not Claudious was truly the perpetraitor and that the ghost was really his father. This is the way he operates all throughout the story, opting to convince himself he needs more time to think when he is truly just afraid to face the music. In his famous to be, or not to be speech (act three, scene one) , Hamlet dramatically articulates his conflict within himself: his unease about whether or not he should be a thinker or a doer, i.e to be or not to be. According to Freud, Hamlets personality begins to manifest in a narcissitic manor because he deludes himself into believing that he is not a coward, but a carefully calculated and clever man who is a thinker before a doer not because hes afraid, but because he is intellectually superior to his foes. In retrospect, some may argue that this perspective is slightly reaching, but in reality Hamlets delusions are irrefutably what drives him most of the time to continue working towards his mission. Additionally, Hamlets cold and callous demeanor towards Ophelia resulted only after the death of his father. This attests to Freuds viewpoint by depicting Hamlets drastic change in his attitude towards everyone, (primarily ophelia), as a result of his grief stricken rage because of his fathers death. Traditional revenge tragity is another prominent interpretation of the story. In short, it is a dramatic genre based on the principal revenge and its consequences. (editors of britanica,7)This interpretation comes into play during Hamlets battle within himself and his own sense of morality when he is told to avenge his fathers death by killing his own uncle, who had allegedly slain his father, the prev ious king. In Hamlets desperation to escape this tragic reality, he searches for every reason to avoid killing his uncle, but it is revealed in scene one of act three that the ghost was in fact his deceased father, and claudious in fact killed him. Upon this recollection, Hamlet had no choice but to avenge his father, but still continued to struggle with his execution. However at the end of the story, after many accidental deaths and dramatic monologues happened along the way, he does eventually kill him. This perspective is perhaps the more obvious of the bunch, but also one of the mo st important as it aligns with the plot almost perfectly. This theoretical genre was particularly popular during the time period this was written, and it is renowned for finding its expression primarily in Hamlet. (editors of britanica, 1). In the play, Hamlet can be interpreted as a religious figure, symbolizing protestantism in particular, while the ghost of his father represents Roman catholocism. Because the king(now ghost) was murdered before he was able to pray and confess his sins, he was sent to hell because god wasnt able to forgive him for not expressing remorse or praying about his sins. (revealed in acts 3 in scenes 1-2)This religious interpretation is yet another very important viewpoint, because it provides some perspective to the story and helps the audience to make their own interpretations about the bigger picture, which has always been shakespeares intention in his works. Religion is a major contributor to the plot in itself, because had it not been an element in the play, there would have been no climax or conflict at all. If religion wasnt incorporated, Hamlet would have no incentive to kill his uncle, because his father wouldnt have been in hell and he wouldnt have been able to tell anyone what actually happened to him, thus resulting in zero conflict at all. Without this interpretation the reader would have no basis of understanding the play at all, and greater themes regarding maintenance of faith and morality, humanity, etc. It paved the way for the most important turning point of the story and then provided some extra context by employing religious aspects to help contextualize the time period and belief systems of people during that era,(chambers,1) so that the plot and lessons are not lost to the different shakespearian vernacular and different belief systems and societal norms than people of today uphold. Marxisms concepts of death and society is derived from his philosophical viewpoints of the world and the way he sees things. According to him, burial remains are an expression of the intangible world and religious belief, (Lull, 2). In act 5, scene 1, Hamlet discovers that Ophelia and has killed herself, and in a grief stricken haze he jumped into her grave and cried for her and he declared his love that hed led her to believe he no longer had for her. Interpretations such as this one are made by means of formal symbolism and analogy both historically and in literature such as hamlet. This interpretation can also be applied to Hamlets loss of his father and how he seemed to have lost some of his sanity wallowing in his grief. Again, concepts of the grave and mourning and symbolism come into play here in hamlets desperation to hold on to his wits during the climax of the story, however he seems to have folded considerably after the series of events that occured in the story and the wa y that they did. Hamlet carries with him the weight of his grief and the overwhelming sense of loss of his loved ones, which arguably led to his undoing. In addition, Hamlets spiraling and mania raised concern for side characters such as the queen, who was unaware of the underlying events that took place and just chalked it up to her son losing his mind over the loss of his father. This belief was deemed acceptable, especially seeing as Ophelia had met the same fate when her father passed at the end of the story. Psychologically speaking, it can be interpreted that Hamlet really did lose his sanity as a result of the adversity hed faced both publicly and in private, as well as all that hed lost, people and himself alike. Existentially, Hamlet expresses many feelings of confusion towards his place in the world and his sense of self, hence his famous to be or not to be tangent. Whether or not Hamlet went crazy is up to the interpreter, however it is likely that Shakespeare would argue that he was never unreasonable mad, that anyone in those circumstances would be. Because Shakespeares lessons regarding humanity would be completely under-represented if Hamlet was painted as some crazy outlier of the majority of humanity. (chambers,1) interpretation helps elevate the plot in the way in which it questions humanity and our capacity to withstand adversity, as well ass present themes of power and greed and their repercussions. Essentially, this viewpoint serves as an examination of humanity as a whole and our resilience or weakness depending on the interpreter.(chambers,5) In conclusion, Shakespeares Hamlet can be interpreted in a multitude of ways, some of which are essential to both the plot and character development of the play. Each interpretation serves to question the integrity of humanity (as well as explore themes of the psyche of human nature, etc) in their own seperate ways. Without these interpretations, the underlying lessons of the play and even some large aspects of the plot wouldnt be recieved by a reader, which is why it is imperative that they are recognized and analyzed. Works Cited Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. Revenge Tragedy. Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 31 Mar. 2016, www.britannica.com/art/revenge-tragedy. JourneyHolm. Analyzing the Theme of Religion in William Shakespeares Hamlet. Owlcation, Owlcation, 5 Apr. 2017, owlcation.com/humanities/Analyzing-William-Shakespeares-Hamlet-from-a-Religious-Context. Dolor, Lull, Vicente. Death and Society: A Marxist Approach. users.clas.ufl.edu/davidson/arch%20of%20death/Week%2015/Lull%202000.pdf. Lorem ipsum dolor sit Political and Social Satire of Aristophanes, www.theatrehistory.com/british/critical_appreciation_of_hamlet.html.Dolor, L.I. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh. New York: Columbia UP, 1998. Print. Doe, R. John. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh, 1998. Print.

Effectiveness of Rasagiline as a Monotherapy - 854 Words

The elevated striatal dopamine levels induced by rasagiline-dependent MAO-B inhibition has been correlated to improvements in PD motor symptoms in both monotherapy and adjunctive therapy studies. The TEMPO (TVP-2012 in Early Monotherapy for Parkinson’s Disease Outpatients) study, a 26-week, randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial observed the efficacy of rasagiline as a monotherapy for 404 early PD patients. Efficacy of rasagiline was quantified using the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), a rating scale used to measure the progression of PD by scoring four primary categories of symptoms: mentation, behavior and mood; activities of daily living; motor examination; and complications of therapy. Higher UPDRS scores correspond to greater severity of disease with the maximum possible score of 199 points representing total disability. The patients in the TEMPO trial had a mean baseline UPDRS score of 25 points and were subsequently divid ed into three groups: 1 mg rasagiline qd, 2 mg rasagiline qd or placebo. At the end of the trial period, compared with the placebo group, the average change in total UPDRS score was -3.56 for the 2 mg rasagiline group and -4.20 for the 1 mg rasagiline group. Of the four UPDRS categories, the greatest change was observed in the motor examination sub-scale with a mean change of -2.71 for the 1 mg rasagiline group and -1.68 for the 2 mg rasagiline group. This reduction in UPDRS score, especially with regards to

Disclosure Continuous Information Asymmetry -Myssignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Disclosure Continuous Information Asymmetry? Answer: Introduction The main aim for the preparation of continuous disclosure framework is to develop strong and efficient equity market in Australia. The main reason is that complying with the regulations of continuous disclosure framework helps the companies in disclosing price sensitive information about shares in order to provide assistance to the investors in the decision making process (Aspris, Foley and Frino 2014). The recent investigation of Newcrest in the role of operations regulator for the investigation of the violation of continuous disclosure obligation has shown a major lesson for the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) listed companies related to continuous disclosure framework. The main aim of this report is to analyse and evaluate various aspects of continuous disclosure framework in relation with the Australian companies. More specifically, this report aims to discuss the necessity and effectiveness of continuous disclosure framework. Australian Disclosure Regime The continuous disclosure requirements are not new for the Australian Company Law and there has been an urgent necessity of continuous disclosure requirements. The current continuous disclosure framework was proposed in 1994 and it can be seen in Chapter 6CA (Sections 674 678) Corporations Act through ASX Listing Rules (Chapter 3). This particular section states that it is the responsibility of the Australian companies to disclose the price sensitive share information having material effect on the price of shares and securities. According to Guidance Note 8, companies have the obligation to disclose the price sensitive information when they become aware of it (Chang and Wee 2014). According to the regulations of Principle 5 in ASX Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations, continues disclosure plays an important role in minimizing the information asymmetry between the companies and investors and is also considered as a mean for effective governance. There are various enforcement alternatives through which companies can breach the continuous discloser obligation. Some major forms of these alternatives are civil penalty up to $1,000,000, undertakings of enforcements, different types of criminal penalty and many others (Fu, Carson and Simnett 2015). In this context, it needs to be mentioned that ASIC has the authority to take legal actions against the companies violating the obligation of continuous disclosure and it does not have any influence on the third party being affected by the violation of continuous discloser requirement. Even though companies can handle the infringement notices rapidly, big organizations have the scope to evade these notices in the cheap way with minimum effects on their goodwill (North 2014). The policing activity of ASIC is very useful in order to judge the extent of continuous disclosure. In a presentation to the Australian Investor Relations Association (AIRA), the commissioner of ASIC mentioned that 28 insider-trading actions is thee, in which 18 have been solved and 5 yet to be solved. Moreover, the current ASIC conviction rate has become almost double in compared to 2009. Currently, ASIC has 25 investigations in their hands that include 11 infringement notices and 9 cases of failing to satisfy the obligation of continuous disclosure (Chapple and Truong 2015). Continuous Disclosure Principles The main principles of continuous discourse regime of Australia are discussed below: It is essential for the Australian companies to disclose sufficient information so that the investors can make right judgment about the share prices by using this information and the investors have the right to make distinct judgment by using this information (Di Lernia 2014). The companies are also required to disclose the price sensitive share information to the market when they become aware about it. In addition, the need to disclose information on prompt basis when it is evident that disclosure could not be withheld legitimately anymore. It is required for the companies to disclose the prise sensitive information on an equal basis so that they become advantageous for the investors. In this context, it needs to be management that it is essential not to have selective disclosure in order to maintain the integrity of share market as selective disclosure has the potential for the development of insider trading where the material price sensitive information leads the trade of the investors. In this aspect, continuous disclosure framework reduces the risks of insider trading (Di Lernia 2014). The continuous disclosure framework has an important role to play in developing a balance between the timely disclosures of price sensitive information about the shares and restricting the aspect of earlier disclosure of such information. Apart from this, it is the restriction on the employees to develop any speculative information including volatility in the share prices with the assistance of frequent conflicting announcements about the share prices (Hermalin and Weisbach 2012). It is the responsibility of continuous disclosure regime to make an appropriate balance between the timely disclosures of prise sensitive share information and to protect the commercial benefits of the disclosing Australian companies. Business organizations have the authority to provide information to their advisors and the parent firms; but the business partners and the advisors cannot use this information for trading in the share market. It is the responsibility of the business organizations to maintain the confidentiality of the prise sensitive information to the investors. It is needed for the companies to disclose the price sensitive information based on their time and equality (Hsu, Lindsay and Tutticci 2012). As per continuous disclosure framework, it is the right of the companies to get effective guidance related with the continuous disclosure obligation of price sensitive information. Selective Disclosure Close association can be observed between selective disclosure and insider trading. The dependency of market can be seen on the flow of information; but it cannot be at a cost of equality and efficiency. Moreover, it must not affect the confident of the investors. For this reason, selective hinders in bringing loyalty in the analysis, restricting the investors from obtaining equal access to the share information, affecting the transparency of share market and spoiling the confidence of the investors (Russell 2015). Selective disclosure could lead to a cruel cycle where business organizations disclose the chosen share information in order to gain their favourable results that have no association with the goals and objectives of the companies. In addition, the process of selective disclosure makes the institutional investors able to extract preferential access to their preferred information for listed organizations with the help of private briefing. In spite of that, there is still nee d for selective briefing for the companies as they play an integral part in filling the gap in the analysis of share prices. This has relevancy as the investors become benefitted from the expert analysis. Level the playing field refers to the process of webcasting and getting access to the relevant documents by using the website of the companies. For this reason, most of the businesses organizations prefer to use adopt this process for the analysis of information. Recently, ASIC has taken the initiative of surveillance for the various aspects of selective disclosure of price sensitive information (Riaz et al. 2013). Surveillance The recent initiative of ASIC for carrying out the spot check process of selected organization is still overdue. The main reason of this is the presence of complexities in the process of successful monitoring along with the process of criminal prosecuting (Tran 2015). In addition, the total cost of ASIC is another significant matter to consider. For this reason, there is a need for strict laws. Apart from this, corporate governance is considered as another major aspect that needs to be implemented along with the required regulations. For all these reasons, the program of surveillance by ASIC has a great importance in the total process (Seamer 2014). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be observed that the continuous disclosure regime is a good aspect for the Australian companies. However, in this aspect, it is required for the authorities like ASIC to participate in this matter in order to balance the whole initiative of continuous disclosure framework. As per the above discussion, different layers of continuous disclosure regime in Australia are enforcements, regulations and guidance aiming towards the development of a strong and effective share market in Australia. Apart from this, the initiative of ASIC business surveillance is considered as another major step towards strengthening the equity market of Australia. For all these reasons, it can be concluded that the continuous disclosure regime is an effective tool for Australian companies in disclosing price sensitive timely information about the shares. References Annualreports.com. (2018).Annual Report 2015-16. [online] Available at: https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReports/PDF/ASX_BAL_2016.pdf [Accessed 16 Jan. 2018]. Aspris, A., Foley, S. and Frino, A., 2014. Does insider trading explain price run?up ahead of takeover announcements?.Accounting Finance,54(1), pp.25-45. Chang, M., Hooi, L. and Wee, M., 2014. How does investor relations disclosure affect analysts' forecasts?.Accounting Finance,54(2), pp.365-391. Chapple, L. and Truong, T.P., 2015. Continuous disclosure compliance: does corporate governance matter?.Accounting Finance,55(4), pp.965-988. Di Lernia, C., 2014. Empirical Research in Continuous Disclosure.Australian Accounting Review,24(4), pp.402-405. Di Lernia, C.A., 2014. Faith/less? Market integrity and the enforcement of Australias continuous disclosure provisions. Fu, Y., Carson, E. and Simnett, R., 2015. Transparency report disclosure by Australian audit firms and opportunities for research.Managerial Auditing Journal,30(8/9), pp.870-910. Hermalin, B.E. and Weisbach, M.S., 2012. Information disclosure and corporate governance.The Journal of Finance,67(1), pp.195-233. Hsu, G.C.M., Lindsay, S. and Tutticci, I., 2012. Inter?temporal changes in analysts forecast properties under the Australian continuous disclosure regime.Accounting Finance,52(4), pp.1101-1123. Investors.bellamysorganic.com.au. (2018).Annual Report 2017. [online] Available at: https://investors.bellamysorganic.com.au/FormBuilder/_Resource/_module/hwGxZyb3NkyBtC5tw1kqzQ/docs/reports/Bellamys_Annual_Report_2017.pdf [Accessed 16 Jan. 2018]. North, G., 2014. Listed Company Disclosure and Financial Market Transparency: Is this a Battle Worth Fighting or Merely Policy and Regulatory Mantra?.Browser Download This Paper. Riaz, Z., Ray, S., Ray, P.K. and Kirkbride, J., 2013. Collibration as an alternative regulatory approach for remuneration governance: A contextual analysis of Australia.International Journal of Disclosure and Governance,10(3), pp.246-260. Russell, M., 2015. Continuous disclosure and information asymmetry.Accounting Research Journal,28(2), pp.195-224. Seamer, M., 2014. Does Effective Corporate Governance Facilitate Continuous marketing Disclosure?.Australian Accounting Review,24(2), pp.111-126. Tran, A., 2015. Can taxable income be estimated from financial reports of listed companies in Australia?.Browser Download This Paper.

Economy of Singapore and Policy Debate for GDP- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEconomy of Singapore and Policy Debate for GDP. Answer: Introduction: The significance of the Singaporean economy rights lies in the developed and free market economy that it has holding 37th position globally in terms of Gross Domestic Product. The country ranks third in terms of per capita GDP estimated as per purchasing power parity. The nation is marked as pro-business encouraging business through adoption of various policies that favor the growth of the business. One of this is lower tax rates which accounts only 14.2% of the GDP. In terms of fairness, the country falls within top 10 and ranks 7th as least corrupt nation. The nation is mostly exporter to the world and connected with various countries through trade. This makes even the smaller economy important globally and the global impacts play greater role in determining the national economic health. The macroeconomic policies of nations play important role not only to ascertain economic growth in the nation over period but also helps the economy move toward stable equilibrium that is optimum (Ghosh,Jonathan and Marcos 2016). Major instruments of such macro policies are monetary policy or changes brought through modified exchange rate system The paper attempts to present an overall snapshot of Singaporean economy and detect its potential as well as lacking. The paper aims to prescribe whether a monetary policy or a exchange rate policy would be better strategy for the nation to solve the recent problems and move toward integrated and more developed economic situation. Snapshot of Singaporean Economy Upon achieving freedom from the shackles of Malaysian rule in 1965, Singapore started its solo journey with presence of small domestic market, higher unemployment and consequently poverty poor standard of living and lack of education and health. The poor condition of the nation showed in the estimated unemployment figure, which reached as high as 14% (Tremewan 2016). Since then the nation focused on making the country attractive destination for investment and capital inflows. The imitative proves its success in the fact that by 2001 the nation has been able to receive foreign investments in the manufacturing production by 75% and in the manufacturing export by 85% (Tremewan 2016). The investment boosted the production to meet increased demand and this further led to capital accumulation. Overtime this led to increased savings and interest rates. This enhanced the capital stock of the nation by 33 times since it was in 1992. The capital-labor ration increased 10 times. With rising wag e shares of GDP and household consumption backed by increased income the standard of living improved and the nation reached middle income level from low income nation Two biggest strategies adopted by the nation was self-reliance and skill development within workforce that took care of the deficiencies the nation had in terms of income and basic amenities of life. Public companies driven by government comprise the major part of the national economy. These companies are held through sovereign wealth funds that buys majority shares in those firms. The nation is biggest financier in terms of foreign direct investment outflow. Positive economic and political climate of the nation has also made it receive capital inflows from global institutions. The policies and strategies brought 8% of GDP growth rate in the nation from 1960 to 1999. The rate fell to 5.4% following Asian Financial Crisis (Rodan 2016). The economy picked up its growth reaching 9.9% in 2001 even though the slumps in the USA, Japan, European countries had negative impact on the growth condition of Singapore. Since 2004 the nation showed remarkable growth rate The economy of the country lies mostly on three broadly visible sectors Banking, Biotechnology and Energy Infrastructure. Apart from these, telecommunication and retail sector also plays significant role in determining the growth of GDP overtime. The manufacturing sector accounts highest almost 21% to GDP followed by retail and whole sale contributing 17%, business by 14, financial services and transportation by 12%, construction by 4% and others 20% (Rodan 2016). Though the nation is dominant in service production, it also pioneers in manufacturing of chemicals and electronics. Current Economic Issues In the recent time period the nation records GDP at US$298.1 billion with current growth rate of 1.7% in 2016 and 2.9%v in 2017 (Tremewan 2016). The increasing trend of the growth trend is due to increasing industrial production as well as export. The industrial production growth rate has been in 1% in 2016 estimation. The open market operation of the nation has allowed it to receive freedom in trade, business, investments and financial operations. The efficient regulation of the economy has led to relaxation in the business operation as well as provided freedom to labor and money market. The country has managed to maintain good fiscal health with lower tax burden and higher level of government spending. Source: (2017 Index of Economic Freedom) The driving reason behind continued growth of Singapore is the stable macroeconomic policies combined with political, legal and financial stable environment. This has led the economy to become more dynamic and adaptive as well as responsive to various global and national events. The growth in business is promoted and consolidated by the strong and secured property rights. Efficient judicial framework, lower level of corruption and sustained rule of law led the economy move toward increasing pattern of growth line. The country is open to the global economies for trade and investment. Moreover the decisions and activities are taken incorporating environmental sustenance that makes the country more attractive globally in terms of efficient production. Even though the nation is mostly consists of public companies held and operated by government, the private sector determines the resilience and the competitiveness of the nation. State ownership in the enterprises as well as key sectors of economy reflects substantial balance in the economic growth. Public housing services, heath care, education and various other programs are administered by the provident fund of central government and statutory authorities. To prescribe suitable policy for growth, the nation needs to indentify its shortcomings and deficiencies. Major issues the nation facing right at this period are: Slow Growth: The recent economic trend of slower growth stems from the massive hit that Global Financial Crisis gave to the world economy. The interconnection of the countries through international trade made the impact of the crisis chronic and spread too many countries (Aggarwal and Shujiro 2013). This had huge impact on economy of Singapore too with lowering the employment stemmed from cut in production due to fall in international demand of export. The world economy is yet under reconstruction and this restructuring creates economic vulnerability for the nation. Almost 3460 lost job and huge amount people got affected facing challenges in employment (Tremewan 2016). Almost 42000 business units could not thrive the economic hit and led toward shut down situation. The recent slump in the national economic output is the combined effect of cyclical fluctuation in short-term and structural concerns of the long run. Key contributors to slower growth are: Slow Global Growth: Growth of largest world economies like USA, China has slumped which had clearer impact in reduced trade, demand and consequent impact on Singapore s falling export and growth respectively. T he trade dependent national economy is greatly affected by the downturn global economy is facing. Slump in Global Oil Price: The oil and gas industry has faced plunging prices that affected their business growth since middle of 2014 continued till recent years. The downturn in prices for long time has led to loss of $35.5 billion revenue from the top oil companies of the country. Shift in Flow of Trade: The international trend of trade has shifted towards consumption and services than industrial and manufactured goods production. This has led to reduction in demand and export has fallen as a result creating a gloom fro economy of Singapore. Disruptions and Changes: Advancement of technology has updated almost every industry of the nation bringing forth both the challenges along with opportunities. This factor has affected the labor market most. On one hand the advent of technology creates room for new jobs in emerging sectors like engineering, IT, healthcare and education. (Aggarwal and Shujiro 2013) On the other hand it creates challenges in terms of loss of employment. Few of the services in which the country aced like aviation and national carriers, has eroded its value due to excessive competition coming from Southeast and East Asia. Problem of higher manufacturing cost, shortage of lands, poor policies that restricts access to foreign workers, weak performance of productivity, required a structural change for the entire economy, which the nation is unable to provide. The health services of the nation are also performing under strain being unable meet the huge demand at low cost even after the central provident fund has been initiated to provide basic health services. Moreover poor stock market performance an retrenchment in banking, oil and gas, electronic and real estate sectors created much more negative vibes for the economic output. Implication of monetary Policy Exchange Rate Policy: The monetary policy of a country is crucial to its economic growth as it stabilizes various economic shortcomings it has. A good monetary policy take s care of the inflationary pressure the nation has. It helps in cash control through open market operation. Moreover, interest rates goes up and down depending upon the mode of monetary policy being expansionary or contractionary (Tan 2012). An expansionary monetary policy would make the interest rates lower and the contractionary one would push the rates to be higher in order to control the supply of money in the market. Moreover to bridge the gap of balance of payment deficit, ensure price stability and manage debt of the nation, well planned monetary policy is unequivocally important. Exchange rate affects price stability and growth of a nation. It determines the prices of goods and services in international trade. Suppose for $1, SGD 1.379 is exchanged. Now if dollar appreciates that is suppose $1 is exchanged for SGD 2 which also implies depreciation of Singaporean dollar, then that makes import cost higher and export brings more revenue for the nation. This leads to more export and less import improving balance of trade (Burle, Gregor, and Daniel 2014). On the other hand, depreciation of the dollar happens when Singaporean dollar appreciates, suppose $1 = SGD 0.98 now. The value of dollar falls and makes US goods become cheaper and more import is encouraged. The exports of Singapore falls as the national product become expensive in international market (Von Mises 2012). As a result, balance of trade runs in deficit. These affect the domestic price as well as national output strongly. Year Exchange Rate of (SGD/$) 2011 1.2573 2012 1.2498 2013 1.2513 2014 1.2671 2015 1.3748 2016 1.379 (Source: Author) The table shows that the exchange rate of the Singapore has been steady over the past 5 years with recent insignificant depreciation in last 2 years. This ensures the country doesnt require exchange rate modification that much but the monetary policy which can enhance the money market operation Suitable Policy for Singapore The major problem Singapore is facing right now is lesser economic growth stemming from recessionary impact of Global Financial Crisis spread worldwide. As a result, volume of international trade has declined due to fall in export demand from big economies like USA, China. This situation can be survived only by expanding and diversifying domestic economy. For this, a suitable monetary policy is best way to boost the domestic consumption. From the national income identity Y = C + I + G + NX , Y the national output or income can be enhanced by boosting the components like C, I or G apart from NX which is well managed by a suitable exchange rate policy (Ghosh,Jonathan and Marcos 2016). The country being mostly trade dependent needs to shift focus toward creating more demand in nation and go for market expansion in various sector. This would require more government expenditure too bring out new projects that would create employment while supplying to meet demand. The country has to remain open to international trade without adopting protectionism as adopted by many developing s well as developed economies in order to save themselves from contagious effect of global downturn. This requires the nation to participate more in trade agreements and partnerships like Trans-Pacific Partnership as member of Asian Economic Community. Conclusion Singapore has left its mark on the global economy through its huge export made to various countries of world. Mostly the big market economies like USA, Japan, and China India created more export demand for Singapore and the recent global financial crisis has hit the Singaporean economy pretty bad that evoked slower growth throughout in the nation in recent time. Since volume of trade and as a result, export of the country has been falling which it can counteract by an expansionary monetary policy that would increase money supply. Increased money supply can call for more demand through more income generation and more investment should be made in sectors and enterprises in order to diversify the production in national economy. The country needs to prepare for the seen as well as unseen challenges to recover the downfall by adopting innovative production to meet the expanded and diversified demand in the domestic market. Re-skilling the labor force can make the enterprises produce more efficiency and productivity. References Aggarwal, Vinod, and Shujiro Urata, eds.Bilateral trade agreements in the Asia-Pacific: Origins, evolution, and implications. Routledge, 2013. Burle, Gregor, and Daniel Kaufmann.Exchange Rate and Price Dynamics in a Small Open Economy: The Role of the Zero Lower Bound and Monetary Policy Regimes. No. 2014-10. Swiss National Bank, 2014. Bruno, Valentina, and Hyun Song Shin. "Capital flows and the risk-taking channel of monetary policy."Journal of Monetary Economics71 (2015): 119-132. Fiore, Fiorella De, and Oreste Tristani. "Optimal monetary policy in a model of the credit channel."The Economic Journal123, no. 571 (2013): 906-931. Gambacorta, Leonardo, Boris Hofmann, and Gert Peersman. "The effectiveness of unconventional monetary policy at the zero lower bound: A cross?country analysis."Journal of Money, Credit and Banking46, no. 4 (2014): 615-642. Ghosh, Atish R., Jonathan D. Ostry, and Marcos Chamon. "Two targets, two instruments: monetary and exchange rate policies in emerging market economies."Journal of International Money and Finance60 (2016): 172-196. Hamilton, James D., and Jing Cynthia Wu. "The effectiveness of alternative monetary policy tools in a zero lower bound environment."Journal of Money, Credit and Banking44, no. s1 (2012): 3-46. Ozga, Jenny, Terri Seddon, and Thomas S. Popkewitz, eds.World Yearbook of Education 2006: Education, Research and Policy: Steering the Knowledge-Based Economy. Routledge, 2013. 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