The Circle Of Fire Essays - Lines Of Latitude, Plate Tectonics

The Circle of Fire The secrets of the Circle of Fire lies somewhere deep into the Earths formation about 4.5 - 5 billion years ago. The Circle of Fire is a ring of volcanic mountains that Borders the coasts of North and South America, along with Asia and Thialand. It also forms a semi-cirlce from the southern tip of South America to Australia. The Earth is about 4.5 - 5 billion Years old. Whereas man's recorded history is only about 5000 years old.(Circle of fire page 3) The Earth is made up of 3 different layers 1- The Crust, the Crust is the very top layer of the earth that we live on, it consits of 7 different crustal plates. 2- The mantle which is the middle layer, This is made of a liquid plastic type of material called magma, This material is constantly flowing which causes the crustal plates to shift.3- The Inner Core, this is the very center of the Earth, Scientists aren't positive but they believe that it is solid lava. About 80% of the worlds Earthquakes occur in the Circle of Fire. (The Circle of Fire p. 13) They happen in a narrow belt of faults that run parallel with the equator from North and South America to Asia. In 1950 an Expidition from Scripps Institute of Oceanography while exploring the sea floor off the coast of California discoverd fracture Zones.(Circle of Fire p 17) These fracture zones run parallel with the equator from North and South America to Asia down to Thailand as well. Often these fracture zones are not deep but they run ten to twenty miles wide. And amazingly the run in an almost equal distance of about 400 - 500 miles long. The Circle of Fire is a mysterious place. Though no one knows how it was formed , scientists believe they are close, They also believe that once they uncover its secrets, they will be able to answer many of the unsolved questions of the Earths Formation.

US Democracy essays

US Democracy essays Is the Unites States Political System a Legitimate Democracy In any system which claims to be democratic, a question of its legitimacy remains. A truly democratic political system has certain characteristics which prove its legitimacy with their existence. One essential characteristic of a legitimate democracy is that it allows people to freely make choices without government intervention. Another necessary characteristic which legitimates government is that every vote must count equally: one vote for every person. For this equality to occur, all people must be subject to the same laws, have equal civil rights, and be allowed to freely express their ideas. Minority rights are also crucial in a legitimate democracy. No matter how unpopular their views, all people should enjoy the freedoms of speech, press and assembly. Public policy should be made publicly, not secretly, and regularly scheduled elections should be held. Since "legitimacy" may be defined as "the feeling or opinion the people have that government is based upon morally defensible principles and that they should therefore obey it," then there must necessarily be a connection between what the people want and what the government is doing if legitimacy is to occur. The U.S. government may be considered legitimate in some aspects, and illegitimate in others. Because voting is class-biased, it may not be classified as a completely legitimate process. Although in theory the American system calls for one vote per person, the low rate of turnout results in the upper and middle classes ultimately choosing candidates for the entire nation. Class is determined by income and education, and differing levels of these two factors can help explain why class bias occurs. For example, because educated people tend to understand politics more, they are more likely to vote. People with high income and education also have more resources, and poor people tend to have low political efficacy (...

Understanding enron Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Understanding enron - Assignment Example Enron is a unique data point which cannot be considered a trend. Another perspective suggests Enron as an example of systematic governance failure. Openly roiling the market, Enron has established new demand among investors for transparency. Market has discovered that professional staff like gatekeepers cannot be trusted for handling the financial data. Enron demonstrates gatekeeper failure. Gatekeepers provide services of verification and certification to the investors. Attorneys are more of transaction engineers than reputational intermediaries, though they can also be included in the category of gatekeepers. Gatekeepers are known as valuable sources of information because of their tendency to provide honest assessment, though gatekeepers derive their importance from pledging a reputational capital, that is too dear to them to sacrifice for a little fee. However, heavy gains optimize a gatekeeper’s tendency to comply in managerial fraud. Enron’s gatekeeper let the man agers do fraud. The status of gatekeepers is changing. Arthur Andersen engaged in several security frauds. The number of earning restatements and the amounts involved increased by the 1990’s. Most securities analysts kept recommendations on the stock of Enron till its bankruptcy filing. Analysts are also reputational intermediaries. The ration of buy to sell kept increasing over the years in the 1990’s. Something made the gatekeepers compromise the objectivity and independence. Enron provides an example of the collective failure of gatekeepers, including the auditors, the analysts, and the debt rating agencies. Two explanations can be laid for the ignorance of the massive fraud by these watchdogs; the economic general deterrence story and the psychological bubble story. 1990’s saw a decline in the risk of auditor liability along with an increase in the benefits of acquiescence, which

The O.J. Simpson Murder Case Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The O.J. Simpson Murder Case - Term Paper Example He is also known for his world record breaking run in the USC sprint relay quartet at the NCAA track championships in Provo, Utah. In 1968, he won the Heisman Trophy, the Maxwell Award, and the Walter Camp Award. He also holds the record for the Heisman's largest margin of victory. Being American Football League's Buffalo Bills' first overall pick in the 1969 Common Draft, he was also the first professional football player to rush for more than 2,000 yards in a season. He also holds the record for the highest yards-per-game average in a single season. He was a great figure in the world of sports and is idolized by many sportsmen. He was also inducted to Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1985. O.J Simpson also starred in some movies. His career ranges from dramatic to comedic movies. His dramatic movies include The Cassandra Crossing, Capricorn One, The Klansman and The Towering Inferno. His comedy movies include The Naked Gun Trilogy and Back to the Beach. He had a good career in movies a nd had a successful run in acting in ads one of which was about a comic book. He quickly sprang up to status of a celebrity with a huge following. He started his own film production company called Orenthal Productions in 1979. NBC was considering airing his series called Frogmen but the project was cancelled when he was arrested for murder. Known mostly due to his career in professional football and being a respected commentator, everything related to O.J Simpson was of public interest. On June 13, 1994, O.J Simpson’s ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman were found murdered outside Brown's Bundy Drive condo in the Brentwood area of Los Angeles, California. O.J Simpson immediately became the prime suspect of the crime due to some evidence that included a 911 call made by Nicole Brown on January 1, 1989 in which she informed the police that O.J Simpson would hurt her physically. Simpson could be heard yelling in the background of that call. The two were di vorced 2 years prior to the murders. Simpson was not located immediately after the incident. There were speculations that he might have committed suicide after a letter by him was presented by his friend, Robert Kardashian, who was also one of his defense lawyers. He was, however, spotted later when one of his friends was being pursued. A low-speed chase ensued as Simpson threatened to commit suicide. 8 hours later, the chase ended and Simpson agreed to surrender to the police. He was allowed to speak to his mother before his arrest. He spent one hour with her. (F. Lee Bailey & Jean Rabe, 2008) On June 20, 1994, Simpson pleaded not guilty to both murders when he was arraigned. The grand jury that was called initially to determine whether to indict Simpson for murders was dismissed on June 23 as there were qualms about the attainment of an unbiased result. Media had excessive coverage regarding this case and it was suspected that the initial jury might lose its objectivity. Jill Shiv ely and Jose Camacho testified in the court with Jill saying that she saw Simpson’s car in the vicinity of the place of incident and Jose identifying the fact that he sold a knife to Simpson which was quite similar to the one that was used in the murders. They sold their stories to newspapers and were not presented in the court as witnesses afterwards. (L. Jones, Thomas, n.d) On July 7, it was ruled that Simpson was to be brought to trial

Task 1 and Task 2one is essay and one is repport choose The - 1

Task 1 and Task 2one is and one is repport choose The Philippines currency - Essay Example This causes the domestic currency to appreciate. In addition, under this regime, an increase in international real interest rates increases domestic output, decreases exchange rates and domestic price level on condition that money demand is more elastic to changes in the real income than the real interest rates. An increase in domestic money supply causes a proportional increase in the price levels. In this model, the income of a consumer is assumed to be exogenous. The consumer is also assumed to be living in both the present and future periods. The consumer can also borrow and lend regardless of the prevailing world interests rates. The model also assumes that there is no investment made and the current and future government expenditure (G and G’ respectively) is exogenous. A Current Account Surplus implies that a particular country saves more than it invests. It is reflected by an excess of domestic savings over domestic investments and an increase in a country’s net foreign assets evidenced by positive sales abroad. The model suggests a positive relationship between the current account surplus and the current income. As the current income increases, the current account surplus also rises due to an increase in current consumption and government expenditure. The current account surplus experiences an inverse relationship with anticipated future income. As the fu ture income is expected to rise, the current account surplus is expected to reduce as a result of reduction in savings. When the current account surplus is zero, the country’s savings equals the investments. Capital controls refer to prohibitions enforced by the government or Central Bank of a country to restrict the flow of foreign capital in the domestic economy. Capital controls could be exchange controls, taxes, legislation, volume restrictions and reduction in foreign remittances which reduce foreign trade. Capital

Crystal Growth and Nonlinear Optics

Crystal Growth and Nonlinear Optics CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO CRYSTAL GROWTH AND NONLINEAR OPTICS 1.1  INTRODUCTION Crystal growth is regarded as an ancient subject, owing to the fact that the crystallization of salt and sugar were known to the ancient Indian and Chinese civilizations. The subject of crystal growth was treated as part of crystallography and never had an independent identity until the last century. It has a long history of evolution from â€Å"a substance potting art† to a science in its own right which has accelerated by the invention of transistor in 1948, and the subsequent need for high purity semiconductor single crystals. Crystals are the unacknowledged pillars of modern technology. The fundamentals of crystal growth was entirely bestowed upon the morphological studies of the naturally occurring crystals. Thus began the scientific approach for this subject during the seventeenth century by Kepler, followed by quite a few others like Nicolous Steno, Descartes, Bartholinus, etc. This type of morphological study slowly led to the understanding of the atomistic process of crystal growth. Recent bursting research on nanostructured materials depend on the crystal growth theory and technology. In the early twentieth century, the crystal growth evolved as a separate branch of science and several theories from Kossel, Donnay-Harker, Volmer and Burton, Cabrera and Frank (BCF) were proposed. Although science of crystal growth originated through the explanations of Nicolous Steno in 1669, the actual impetus to this field began after the BCF theory was formulated and also when there was a great demand for crystals during World War II. Crystal growth plays an important role in material science and engineering. It is an interdisciplinary subject of physics and chemistry. Initially the natural crystals were adored as gems and museum pieces. Later, a transition of crystals has occurred from museum to technology which stimulated crystal grower community to produce large crystals artificially. In the recent scientific era, the utility of crystals has been extended to novel devices such as nonlinear optical and piezoelectric devices. Atomic arrangement with periodicity in three dimensional pattern at equally repeated distances are called single crystals. The preparation of single crystal is more difficult than polycrystalline material and extra effort is justified because of outstanding properties of single crystals (Laudise 1970). The single crystal growth has prominent role in the present era because of rapid technical and scientific advancement. The application of crystals has unbounded limits because of its special optical and electrical properties over noncrystalline material. This means that the new crystals have to be grown and fabricated in order to assess their device properties. The main parameters which involve in crystal growth are nucleation, growth rate, stability, crystalline defects, compositional inhomogeneity and thermodynamics of the source of liquid. The evolution in the crystal growth requires not only scientific understanding, but also the driving force of applied technology which so often provides a significant influence in highlighting the lack of scientific knowledge and need for a more refined evolution of science and indeed the development of new concepts. The studies on the growth and physical properties of single crystals of amino acids and their compounds are of great interest because they possess properties such as piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity and possibly ferroelectricity. In the recent century, the development of science in many areas has been achieved through the growth of single crystals. The single crystals designed for producing second harmonic generation (SHG) received consistent attention for applications in the field of telecommunication, optical information processing, laser remote sensing and colour displays. 1.2  KINETICS OF CRYSTAL GROWTH Crystals are solid substances in general which may be obtained from solid, liquid or vapour phase. Except for solid phase, all other phases yield crystals with developed faces, which represent the crystal medium interface during the development of a crystal from the growth medium. Subsequently, the crystal faces contain information about the nature of the interfaces as well as about the phenomena taking place at the interface. In solid phase growth, some grains grow larger at the expense of others and the interface mainly concave with respect to the growing grain and lies in the interior of the bulk mass. In melt growth, the interface is forced to take the shape of the isotherm inside the crucible containing the melt. However, in both cases, a free development of the faces is rarely encountered. It is also possible to obtain valuable information about the growth processes by using suitable methods. Elementary processes involved in the development of the micromorphology of as grown surfaces of bulk single crystal and epitaxial layers, and of evaporated and etched surfaces under different experimental conditions are essentially similar irrespective of the type of a material. When a crystal nucleus attains a critical size, then it grows into crystal of macroscopic dimension with well developed faces. Several theories have been proposed to explain the mechanism of crystal growth. They are: Surface energy theory, Adsorption layer theory and Diffusion theory. The surface energy theory states that the growing crystal assumes a shape, which has a minimum surface energy. According to adsorption layer theory, a molecule arriving at a crystal surface from the bulk of the supersaturated solution or super cooled melt loses a part of its latent heat. All molecules similar to this move along the surface and join together to form a small two dimensional nucleus due to inelastic collision. Bravious proposed that the growth rate of a crystal face depends on reticular densities of a lattice point of that face. The surface energy is the least when the face possesses the greatest reticular density. The attachment energy is due to Vander Waals force in the case of homopolar crystals and it is due to electrostatic forces in the case of ionic crystals. According to the diffusion theory matter is deposited continuously on a crystal phase at the rate proportional to the difference in concentration between the point of deposition and the bulk of the solution. In diffusion theory, the molecules in contact with the crystal surface are adsorbed quickly. A concentration gradient is thus produced between the bulk of the solution and the growing crystal surface. The mass transfer from the bulk of the solution to the surface involves molecular diffusion. In general, in any crystal growth process, the following steps are involved: (i) Generation of reactants (ii) Transport of reactants to the growth surface (iii) Adsorption at the growth surface (iv) Nucleation (v) Growth and (vi) Removal of unwanted reaction products from the growth surface 1.2.1  Solution, Solubility and Super Solubility A solution is a homogeneous mixture of a solute in a solvent. Solute is a component, which is present in a smaller quantity. For a given solute, there may be different solvents. The solvent is chosen taking into account of the following factors to grow crystals from solution: (i) Good solubility for the given solute (ii) Good temperature coefficient of solute solubility Less viscosity (iv) Less volatility (v) Less corrosion and non toxicity (vi) Low vapour pressure and (vii) Cost advantage Solubility of the material in a solvent decides the amount of the material, which is available for the growth and hence defines the total size limit. Solubility gradient is another important parameter, which dictates the growth procedure. If the solubility gradient is very small, slow evaporation of the solvent is the best option for crystal growth in order to maintain a constant supersaturation in the solution. Growth of crystals from solution is mainly a diffusion-controlled process. The medium must be viscous enough to enable faster transference of the growth units from the bulk solution by diffusion. Hence, a solvent with less viscosity is preferable. Supersaturation is an important parameter for the solution growth process. The crystal grows by the access of the solute in the solution where the degree of supersaturation is maintained. The solubility data at various temperatures are essential to determine the level of supersaturation. Hence, the solubility of the solute in the ch osen solvent must be determined before starting the growth process. The relationship between the equilibrium concentrations as a function of temperature is represented by the solubility diagram in Figure 1.1 which is known as temperature-concentration diagram. Miers carried out extensive research in the relationship between supersaturation and spontaneous crystallization. The lower continuous line is the normal solubility curve for the salt concerned. Temperature and concentration at which spontaneous crystallization occurs are represented by the upper broken curve, generally referred to as the supersolubility curve. The whole concentration-temperature field is separated by the saturated solution line (solubility curve) into two regions, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions. Saturated solutions are those mixtures, which can retain their equilibrium indefinitely in contact with the solid phase with respect to which they are saturated. The solubility of most substances increase with temperature (the temperature coefficient of the solubility is posi tive) and crystals can be grown only from supersaturated solutions, which contain an excess of the solute above the equilibrium value. The temperature-concentration diagram is divided into three regions, which are termed as region I, II and III respectively. Figure 1.1 Miers solubility curve (i)The stable (undersaturated) zone where crystallization is not possible (Region I). (ii)The region II is a metastable zone, between the solubility and supersolubility curves, where spontaneous crystallization is improbable. However, if a seed crystal is placed in metastable solution, growth would occur on it. (iii)The region III is an unstable or labile (supersaturation) zone, where spontaneous crystallization is more probable. If the solution whose concentration and temperature represented by point A in the Figure. 1.1, is cooled without loss of solvent (Line ABC) spontaneous crystallization cannot occur until conditions represented by point C are reached. At this point, crystallization is spontaneous. Further cooling to some point D will produce spurious nucleation. The evaporation of solvent from the solution results in supersaturation. The line AB’C’ represents an operation carried out at constant temperature. Penetration beyond the supersolubility curve into the labile zone rarely happens, as the surface from which evaporation takes place is usually supersaturated to a greater degree than the bulk of solution. Crystals, which appear on this surface eventually fall into the solution and seed in it. In practice, a combination of cooling and evaporation as represented by the line AB†C† is also adopted. 1.2.2  Expression for Supersaturation In order to grow crystals, the solution must be supersaturated. Supersaturation is the driving force, which governs the rate of crystal growth. The supersaturation of a system may be expressed in number of ways. The basic units of concentration as well as temperature must be specified. The degree of supersaturation of a solution is defined using the concept of absolute supersaturation (1.1) where C is the concentration of the dissolved substance at a given moment and Co is its solubility limit. The degree of supersaturation can also be defined as the relative supersaturation, which is given by (1.2) or as the coefficient of supersaturation. (1.3) The quantities ÃŽ ±, ÃŽ ² and à Ã¢â‚¬Å" are interrelated (Khamshii 1969) 1.3  NUCLEATION In a supersaturated or super cooled system, few atoms or molecules join together and a change in energy takes place during the formation of clusters. The cluster of atoms or molecules is called embryo. An embryo may grow or disintegrate and disappear completely. If the embryo grows to a particular size, critical size known as critical nucleus, then there is a tendency for the nucleus to grow. Thus, nucleation is an important phenomenon in crystal growth and is the precursor of crystal growth and of the overall crystallization process. The formation of stable nucleus occurs only by the addition of a number of molecules (A1) until a critical cluster is formed. In general A n-1 + A 1 → A n (Critical) (1.4) Any further addition to the critical nucleus results in nucleation followed by growth. Once these nucleus grow beyond a certain size, they become stable under the average condition of supersaturation of the solution. Further, the creation of a new phase in the homogeneous solution demands for the expenditure of certain quantity of energy. Once embryos achieve this critical size there is a high probability that they will grow, relatively unhindered, to macroscopic size. 1.3.1  Types of Nucleation Nucleation may occur spontaneously or may be induced artificially. These two cases are frequently referred to as homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation respectively. The term primary will be reserved for both the cases of nucleation in the systems that do not contain crystalline matter. On the other hand, the nucleus is often generated in the vicinity of crystals presented in the supersaturated system. This phenomenon is referred to as secondary nucleation. Figure 1.2 shows the classification of nucleation. The spontaneous formation of crystalline nucleus in the interior of the parent phase is called homogeneous nucleation. If the nucleus forms heterogeneously around ions, impurity molecules or on dust particles, on surfaces or at structural irrgularities such as dislocations or other imperfections is called heterogeneous nucleation. Figure 1.2 Schematic diagram indicating the classification of nucleation Nucleation can often be induced by external processes like agitation, friction, mechanical shock, electromagnetic fields, extreme pressure, ultraviolet, X-rays, ÃŽ ³Ã¢â‚¬â€œ rays, sonic and ultrasonic radiation and so on (Mullin 2001; Laudise 1975; Gilman 1963; Stringfellow 1979; Sangwal 1987; Jancic Grootscholten 1984). 1.3.2  Energy of formation of a nucleus Any isolated droplet of a fluid is most stable when its free energy is maximum and thus its area is minimum. The growth of an embryo or a crystal could be considered as an example of this principle. The total energy of the crystal in equilibrium with its surrounding at constant temperature and pressure would be minimum for a given volume. When a volume free energy per unit volume is considered to be constant ÃŽ £ai ÏÆ'i = minimum (1.5) whereai is area of ith face and ÏÆ'i is surface energy per unit area Thus considering the nucleus to be spherical, the energy of formation of the nucleus is determined. 1.3.3  Energy of Formation of Spherical Nucleus The formation of a droplet nucleus due to supersaturation of vapour demands the expenditure of a certain quantity of energy in the creation of new phase. Therefore the total free energy change associated with the formation of homogeneous nucleation may be considered as follows. Let ΔG be the overall excess free energy of the embryo between the two phases. Since the volume and surface free energies, the total free energy associated with the process can be written as ΔG = ΔG S + ΔG V (1.6) where ΔGS is the surface free energy change and ΔGV is the volume free energy change. For a spherical nucleus of radius r, ΔG = Ï€r3 ΔG V + 4 Ï€r2ÃŽ ³ (1.7) The first term expresses the formation of the new surface and the second term expresses the difference in the chemical potential between the crystalline phase and the surrounding mother liquid. Where ÃŽ ³ is the interfacial tension and ΔGv is the free energy change per unit volume, which is a negative quantity, r the radius of the nucleus. Since the surface free energy increases with r2 and volume free energy decreases with r3, the total net free energy change increases with increase in size and attains a critical value after which it decreases. The size corresponding to the maximum free energy change is called critical nucleus.

Social Effects of the Berlin Wall Essay -- essays research papers fc

Outline THESIS: From research and historical analysts, we can conclude that in many cases the people of Germany have been effected socially and economically by the building and construction of the Berlin Wall. I. Background A. Beginning construction B. Closing borders C. Pre-Berlin Wall II. History A. Cold War B. World War II C. Economy III. Post- Berlin Wall effects A. Economic examples B. Political examples Conclusion In the last fifty years the German Democratic Republic has been a nonstop changing country. In Germany, the terms â€Å"East† and â€Å"West† do not just represent geographically regions. It runs much deeper than that, and there is still a large gap in the way of life, and political and social conditions of the whole country. While most German’s were sleeping on the night of August 13, 1961, the East German government began closing its borders. In the early morning of that Sunday, most of the first work was done: the border to West Berlin was closed. The East German troops had begun to tear up streets and to install barbed wire entanglement and fences through Berlin. Between 1961 and today, the Berlin Wall saw many changes, and so did the people that it entrapped. Prior to the construction of the Berlin Wall, boarders between East and West Germany were closed in 1952 because of tension between Communists and Democratic superpowers and the only open crossing left in Berlin. West Germany was blockaded by the Soviets and only kept alive because of air drops made by the Western Allies (Time). The Soviets had to do something about the mass amount of people leaving Soviet East Berlin for West Berlin, and the non-communist world. The most visible aspect of the Cold War was the Berlin Wall. Before the wall was constructed, East and West Germans could travel freely between the two states. The number of East Germans fleeing to West was an embarrassment to the Communists, and something had to be done to pro... ...in a recent pole, 40% of young people in this area would vote for this party of former communists. In the West however, all of the districts, excluding one voted for the conservative Christian Democratic Union. (Time Nov 20th) Though times were tough for many years for some Germans, things are improving slowly. While the wall was erect, many Germans had high hopes of change and continue to strive towards equality nationwide. In June of 1963 when John F. Kennedy visited Berlin, he gave a very impacting speech to the people of Berlin, "There are some who say that Communism is the wave of the future. Let them come to Berlin" (Sidey). Although the wall no longer physically stands, it still today divides Germany and Berlin into two separate states today. Works Cited Benjamin, Daniel. â€Å"Wall of Shame.† Time. November 20, 1989 Canning, Kathleen. â€Å"Responses to German Reunification.† The Journal of the International Institute. 2000. The Regents of the University of Michigan. 07 March 05 Sidey, Hugh. â€Å"The Presidency.† Time. November 20, 1989 Wallace, Charles P., â€Å"Across the Great Divide.† Time Europe. Nov. 15, 1999 Social Effects of the Berlin Wall Essay -- essays research papers fc Outline THESIS: From research and historical analysts, we can conclude that in many cases the people of Germany have been effected socially and economically by the building and construction of the Berlin Wall. I. Background A. Beginning construction B. Closing borders C. Pre-Berlin Wall II. History A. Cold War B. World War II C. Economy III. Post- Berlin Wall effects A. Economic examples B. Political examples Conclusion In the last fifty years the German Democratic Republic has been a nonstop changing country. In Germany, the terms â€Å"East† and â€Å"West† do not just represent geographically regions. It runs much deeper than that, and there is still a large gap in the way of life, and political and social conditions of the whole country. While most German’s were sleeping on the night of August 13, 1961, the East German government began closing its borders. In the early morning of that Sunday, most of the first work was done: the border to West Berlin was closed. The East German troops had begun to tear up streets and to install barbed wire entanglement and fences through Berlin. Between 1961 and today, the Berlin Wall saw many changes, and so did the people that it entrapped. Prior to the construction of the Berlin Wall, boarders between East and West Germany were closed in 1952 because of tension between Communists and Democratic superpowers and the only open crossing left in Berlin. West Germany was blockaded by the Soviets and only kept alive because of air drops made by the Western Allies (Time). The Soviets had to do something about the mass amount of people leaving Soviet East Berlin for West Berlin, and the non-communist world. The most visible aspect of the Cold War was the Berlin Wall. Before the wall was constructed, East and West Germans could travel freely between the two states. The number of East Germans fleeing to West was an embarrassment to the Communists, and something had to be done to pro... ...in a recent pole, 40% of young people in this area would vote for this party of former communists. In the West however, all of the districts, excluding one voted for the conservative Christian Democratic Union. (Time Nov 20th) Though times were tough for many years for some Germans, things are improving slowly. While the wall was erect, many Germans had high hopes of change and continue to strive towards equality nationwide. In June of 1963 when John F. Kennedy visited Berlin, he gave a very impacting speech to the people of Berlin, "There are some who say that Communism is the wave of the future. Let them come to Berlin" (Sidey). Although the wall no longer physically stands, it still today divides Germany and Berlin into two separate states today. Works Cited Benjamin, Daniel. â€Å"Wall of Shame.† Time. November 20, 1989 Canning, Kathleen. â€Å"Responses to German Reunification.† The Journal of the International Institute. 2000. The Regents of the University of Michigan. 07 March 05 Sidey, Hugh. â€Å"The Presidency.† Time. November 20, 1989 Wallace, Charles P., â€Å"Across the Great Divide.† Time Europe. Nov. 15, 1999

Apwh Ch.9 Study Guide

How did the Persian conquest set the stage for the emergence of the Maurya empire? The Persian Conquest left Asia without a ruler, this allowed Chandragupta Maurya to exploit the opportunity and lay down the foundation for the Maurya Empire. . What were five major accomplishments of the emperor Ashoka?The five major accomplishments of the emperor Ashoka were to conquer Kalinga and bring it under Mauryan control, communicated his policies throughout his realm by inscribing edicts in natural stone formations or pillars he ordered to be erected, established his capital at the fortified city of Pataliputra, created a central treasury to oversee the efficient collection of taxes, and he converted to Buddhism. How did the Gupta administrative practices differ from the Maurya?Ashoka had insisted on knowing the details of regional affairs, which he closely monitored from his court at Pataliputra. The Guptas left local government and administration, and even the making of basic policy, in the hands of their allies in the various regions of their empire. How did India fit in to the trade along the Silk Road? The Silk Road allowed India to trade cotton, spices, and gems in return for horses and bullion from the west and silk from China. In what ways did the development of trade and manufacturing impact the caste system?The development of trade and manufacturing led way to new groups of artisans, craftsmen and merchants, many who did not fit easily in the established structure. Individuals that worked in the same craft usually got together to form a guild, a corporate body that watched prices and wages in an industry and provided for the members and their families. What are the fundamental beliefs of Jainism? What has been its long-term impact? Why did it never become as popular as other major world religions? The fundamental beliefs of Jainism are ahisma or nonviolence, that verything has a soul, and that there should not be a caste system. It never became as popular as o ther major world religions because the ascetic life that is enforced was too extreme. Its long term impact is that it influenced many beliefs in China up until the nineteenth century. What was the popular appeal of Buddhism? How does it compare and contrast to Hinduism? The appeals of Buddhism are that there is less dependence on Brahmins for ritual services, there was no caste or jati, and it did not demand the rigorous asceticism of Jainism.Buddhism is different from Hinduism because Buddhists use vernacular tongues instead of Sanskrit. It is similar to Hinduism because they both believe in reincarnation, originated in india, made people live according to a certain way (dharma/eightfold path) and they both have the idea of heaven or a spiritual union (nirvana and moksha). How did early Buddhism evolve into Mahayana Buddhism? How did that help spread the religion? Buddhism evolved into Mahayana Buddhism because innovations opened the road to salvation for large numbers of people.Th is helped it because education institutes preferred it to the other form of the religion, thus spreading it efficiently. How did Hinduism evolve in India during this period? Three epics of Hinduism, the Mahabharta, Ramayana, and the Bhagavad Gita reinforced the caste system by emphasizing active life and adherence to caste over the ascetic life. This message opened Hinduism to common people who are used to the caste system and allowed Hinduism to overtake Buddhism.Why did Buddhism eventually lose popularity in India? Buddhism eventually lost popularity in India because it was gradually displaced by Hinduism. It grew remote from the popular masses in India. Terms to know: Boddisatva, Mahayana, stupas, caste system, Jainism, Ashoka Maurya, dharma Dharma: in hinduism, it is the duties and obligations of each caste Caste system: a strict social structure in which classes are determined by heredity, wealth, or occupation Mahayana: a type of Buddhism that offers alvation to everyone and a llows popular worship Stupas: stone shrines that contain the remains and relics of the Buddha Boddisatva: In Mahayana Buddhism, a person who can reach nirvana but delays doing so to save suffering beings. Jainism: a religion that believed everything had a soul and believed in extreme aesthetics Ashoka Maurya: the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, he took the Mauryan empire to great heights and converted to Buddhism after battling the Kalinga tribe.

BUY AN ESSAY

BUY AN ESSAY A career research paper is pursuit of your personal career goals. Career research paper includes a regular essay structure and involves a few additional elements. Your work will start with a research investigation. Address many famous sources to get the full picture. They will include both online and offline sources such as Internet, books, magazines and newspapers. All the necessary information is used as a supporting facts or arguments. If you present information from various resources, a reader will judge your research writing as accurate and full. Need assistance use our writing service and buy an essay online.   Another important fact is to choose topic of your personal interests. It is wise to spend some time and think over what you really like or dwell on. You may also refer to reading different materials. Consult with other professionals and ask them of their personal experience. Then come to a decision. The topic that you have chosen must be narrowed down to be easily manageable.

Free Essays on Islam And The Koran

The word "Islam" is an Arabic word which means "submission to the will of God". This word comes from the same root as the Arabic word "salam", which means "peace" (Berger, 11). As such, the religion of Islam teaches that in order to achieve true peace of mind and surety of heart, one must submit to God and live according to His Divinely revealed Law. The most important truth that God revealed to mankind is that there is nothing divine or worthy of being worshipped except for Almighty God, thus all human beings should submit to Him. The word "Muslim" means one who submits to the will of God, regardless of their race, nationality or ethnic background. Being a Muslim entails willful submission and active obedience to God, and living in accordance with His message (Moore et al). Some people mistakenly believe that Islam is just a religion for Arabs, but nothing could be further from the truth. Not only are there converts to Islam in every corner of the world, especially in England and America, but by taking a look at the Muslim World from Bosnia to Nigeria, and from Indonesia to Morocco, one can clearly see that Muslims come from many various races, ethnic groups and nationalities. It is also interesting to note that in actuality, more than 80% of all Muslims are not Arabs - there are more Muslims in Indonesia than in the whole Arab World (72). So even though it is true that most Arabs are Muslims, the large majority of Muslims are not Arabs. However, anyone who submits completely to God and worships Him alone is a Muslim. Continuity of the Islam message is not a new religion because "submission to the will of God", i.e. Islam, has always been the only acceptable religion in the sight of God. For this reason, Islam is the true "natural religion", and it is the same eternal message revealed through the ages to all of God's prophets and messengers. Muslims believe that all of God's prophets, who include Abraham, Noah, Moses, Jesus and Muh... Free Essays on Islam And The Koran Free Essays on Islam And The Koran The word "Islam" is an Arabic word which means "submission to the will of God". This word comes from the same root as the Arabic word "salam", which means "peace" (Berger, 11). As such, the religion of Islam teaches that in order to achieve true peace of mind and surety of heart, one must submit to God and live according to His Divinely revealed Law. The most important truth that God revealed to mankind is that there is nothing divine or worthy of being worshipped except for Almighty God, thus all human beings should submit to Him. The word "Muslim" means one who submits to the will of God, regardless of their race, nationality or ethnic background. Being a Muslim entails willful submission and active obedience to God, and living in accordance with His message (Moore et al). Some people mistakenly believe that Islam is just a religion for Arabs, but nothing could be further from the truth. Not only are there converts to Islam in every corner of the world, especially in England and America, but by taking a look at the Muslim World from Bosnia to Nigeria, and from Indonesia to Morocco, one can clearly see that Muslims come from many various races, ethnic groups and nationalities. It is also interesting to note that in actuality, more than 80% of all Muslims are not Arabs - there are more Muslims in Indonesia than in the whole Arab World (72). So even though it is true that most Arabs are Muslims, the large majority of Muslims are not Arabs. However, anyone who submits completely to God and worships Him alone is a Muslim. Continuity of the Islam message is not a new religion because "submission to the will of God", i.e. Islam, has always been the only acceptable religion in the sight of God. For this reason, Islam is the true "natural religion", and it is the same eternal message revealed through the ages to all of God's prophets and messengers. Muslims believe that all of God's prophets, who include Abraham, Noah, Moses, Jesus and Muh...

Nuisance ( torts law) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nuisance ( torts law) - Essay Example hurt or annoyance of the lands, tenements, or hereditaments of another." The forms of private nuisances are almost countless, thus resulting in the impossibility of any kind of classification (Putney, 1908). A person who owns a proprietorship interest in the land in which nuisance is inflicted can sue and succeed to claims. For instance the person must be an owner or a party, or be in special custody or occupation of it like tenant or under a licence to reside. Exceptions to the above rule may also be present as in the case of Hunter v Canary Wharf.1 The case of Malone v Laskey2 is an exception of the rule that a licensee can sue. In the mentioned case when the wife of the licensee used the toilet a cistern fell on her head due to the trembling of machinery in the nearby property and she was hurt. But when she claimed it failed because her husband was only a licensee and so it could not be proved that she held a proprietary interest in the land herself. But had this case been occurred now she would have succeeded under negligence. But an exception to this is that the wife of a home owner can sue since she also has a beneficial interest in the matrimonial home Hunter v Canary Wharf. Actually according to law jus tertii meaning right of a third person, is not a good defence to sue in a private nuisance. But if a person is in exclusive possession of the land can sue even if title to it cannot be proved Foster v Warblington.3 Till very lately it was resolved, that the complainant must have an interest in the land so that he could sue in private nuisance. But then in the case of Khorasandijian v. Bush4 it was in particular affirmed that it was no longer suitable to restrict the right to sue by indication to proprietary interest in the land. In this case Lord Dillon said the following†¦Ã¢â‚¬ it is ridiculous if in this present age the law that is the making of deliberately harassing and pestering phone calls to a person is only actionable in the civil courts if a

I Can Problem Solve Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

I Can Problem Solve Program - Essay Example First, it is important to take a careful look at Shure's own approach and experiences with this method. In the article "Raising a Thinking Child: I Can Problem Solve Program For Families," Dr. Shure explains the ICPS approach (2002). Myrna Shure's program, "Raising a Thinking Child: I Can Problem Solve (ICPS) Program for Families, helps to develop interpersonal cognitive problem solving skills (ICPS) relating to behavior, and can be implemented as early as preschool. By focusing on the child's interpersonal cognitive problem solving skills, the program is attempting to help cut back on the child's ability to develop problematic behavior in later life. Parents are also taught in this program, as they are educated to develop an appropriate problem solving method in their own communication, which should give young children the ability to think for themselves (Shure, 2002). When Dr. Shure first made the program, the program had been developed for parents (especially mothers) and guardians of low-income four-year-old African American children. The program has now since grown, and works with parents of children that are as old as seven, as well as middle and upper-middle income children, and children that demonstrate at-risk behaviors (for instance, children with ADHD or any other special need (Shure, 2002). In order to finish the program, ten to twelve weekly sessions are required. In order to get a grasp of the approach, six weeks of training is necessary. The first lesson teaches problem solving vocabulary by using games. This is followed by the second section, which trains the children listening skills, as well as how to read people's feelings and understand their own feelings. This should help them understand that people can feel differently about the same concept. The last part of the program provides hypothetical problems to the children, asking t hem to take people's feelings into consideration as well as consequences of their actions and various ways to problem solve. Parents are, throughout the training, learning how to discover their child's comprehension of problems, while learning how to engage their child in problem solving techniques (Shure, 2002).According to Dr. Shure, among low-income African-American mothers, two hypothesis-testing studies and one pilot were done with four year olds. After this, there was a three year follow up, examining the children at the ages of six or seven. When studying the middle and upper-middle Caucasian children and parents involved in the program, as well as those with learning problems, the researcher was able to discover that the children had gained in alternative solution thinking skills, and this had helped to cut back on bad behaviors in both school and home settings. Children that started the program during their kindergarten years also did better overall academically (Shure, 200 2).Dr. Shure has completed several studies that help to support the success of the method. This includes her article "Interpersonal problem-solving in young children: A cognitive approach to prevention," when a 1982 study demonstrated that ICPS was yet again successful.