Was Hamlet Crazy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1656 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/04/08 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Hamlet Essay William Shakespeare Essay Did you like this example? Shakespeares Hamlet is a complex piece of literature in its entirety. In fact, the story is so multi-fauceted that it is almost open to interpretation, which many scholars argue that this was actually Shakespeares intention. Nonetheless, a variety of points of views come to mind as the story unfolds, accompanied by an even broader variety of themes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Was Hamlet Crazy?" essay for you Create order For instance, pieces of the plot and the way in which they were articulated demonstrate perspectives such as traditional revenge trajety, Fruedian elements, religious, Marxists approach of mourning, and most importantly, a Philosophical or existential approach. Hamlets epic tale of loss, self discovery, morality, and faith, alongside the variety of thematic approaches, all spark the question: was Hamlet crazy? This question is not merely subject to debate, but is impossible to prove or solve because psychological soundness knows no specific criteria to meet in order to be either sane or not; the concept in itself is usually too nuanced for a reader to find irrefutable proof about someones sanity, especially a round character like Hamlet. However, Shakespeare intended to depict lessons regarding morality and the inner workings of humanity as a whole, and had he written Shakespeare to be completely mad to the point where his decision making may differ from the majority of the human race, such themes would be lost and so would the majority of the storys meaning. In essence, each perspective and point of view listed previously bleeds together and helps understand this piece of literature in its own unique way, while also dealing with the running continuity regarding Hamlets sanity. For example, Freudians structural theory details how experiences/adversity a person faces shapes behavioral habits and personality traits. The main and defining conflict Hamlet faces is the fact that he is supposed to avenge his fathers death by killing his uncle. In his fear and uncertainty, Hamlet takes a lot of time to stall and think about whether or not Claudious was truly the perpetraitor and that the ghost was really his father. This is the way he operates all throughout the story, opting to convince himself he needs more time to think when he is truly just afraid to face the music. In his famous to be, or not to be speech (act three, scene one) , Hamlet dramatically articulates his conflict within himself: his unease about whether or not he should be a thinker or a doer, i.e to be or not to be. According to Freud, Hamlets personality begins to manifest in a narcissitic manor because he deludes himself into believing that he is not a coward, but a carefully calculated and clever man who is a thinker before a doer not because hes afraid, but because he is intellectually superior to his foes. In retrospect, some may argue that this perspective is slightly reaching, but in reality Hamlets delusions are irrefutably what drives him most of the time to continue working towards his mission. Additionally, Hamlets cold and callous demeanor towards Ophelia resulted only after the death of his father. This attests to Freuds viewpoint by depicting Hamlets drastic change in his attitude towards everyone, (primarily ophelia), as a result of his grief stricken rage because of his fathers death. Traditional revenge tragity is another prominent interpretation of the story. In short, it is a dramatic genre based on the principal revenge and its consequences. (editors of britanica,7)This interpretation comes into play during Hamlets battle within himself and his own sense of morality when he is told to avenge his fathers death by killing his own uncle, who had allegedly slain his father, the prev ious king. In Hamlets desperation to escape this tragic reality, he searches for every reason to avoid killing his uncle, but it is revealed in scene one of act three that the ghost was in fact his deceased father, and claudious in fact killed him. Upon this recollection, Hamlet had no choice but to avenge his father, but still continued to struggle with his execution. However at the end of the story, after many accidental deaths and dramatic monologues happened along the way, he does eventually kill him. This perspective is perhaps the more obvious of the bunch, but also one of the mo st important as it aligns with the plot almost perfectly. This theoretical genre was particularly popular during the time period this was written, and it is renowned for finding its expression primarily in Hamlet. (editors of britanica, 1). In the play, Hamlet can be interpreted as a religious figure, symbolizing protestantism in particular, while the ghost of his father represents Roman catholocism. Because the king(now ghost) was murdered before he was able to pray and confess his sins, he was sent to hell because god wasnt able to forgive him for not expressing remorse or praying about his sins. (revealed in acts 3 in scenes 1-2)This religious interpretation is yet another very important viewpoint, because it provides some perspective to the story and helps the audience to make their own interpretations about the bigger picture, which has always been shakespeares intention in his works. Religion is a major contributor to the plot in itself, because had it not been an element in the play, there would have been no climax or conflict at all. If religion wasnt incorporated, Hamlet would have no incentive to kill his uncle, because his father wouldnt have been in hell and he wouldnt have been able to tell anyone what actually happened to him, thus resulting in zero conflict at all. Without this interpretation the reader would have no basis of understanding the play at all, and greater themes regarding maintenance of faith and morality, humanity, etc. It paved the way for the most important turning point of the story and then provided some extra context by employing religious aspects to help contextualize the time period and belief systems of people during that era,(chambers,1) so that the plot and lessons are not lost to the different shakespearian vernacular and different belief systems and societal norms than people of today uphold. Marxisms concepts of death and society is derived from his philosophical viewpoints of the world and the way he sees things. According to him, burial remains are an expression of the intangible world and religious belief, (Lull, 2). In act 5, scene 1, Hamlet discovers that Ophelia and has killed herself, and in a grief stricken haze he jumped into her grave and cried for her and he declared his love that hed led her to believe he no longer had for her. Interpretations such as this one are made by means of formal symbolism and analogy both historically and in literature such as hamlet. This interpretation can also be applied to Hamlets loss of his father and how he seemed to have lost some of his sanity wallowing in his grief. Again, concepts of the grave and mourning and symbolism come into play here in hamlets desperation to hold on to his wits during the climax of the story, however he seems to have folded considerably after the series of events that occured in the story and the wa y that they did. Hamlet carries with him the weight of his grief and the overwhelming sense of loss of his loved ones, which arguably led to his undoing. In addition, Hamlets spiraling and mania raised concern for side characters such as the queen, who was unaware of the underlying events that took place and just chalked it up to her son losing his mind over the loss of his father. This belief was deemed acceptable, especially seeing as Ophelia had met the same fate when her father passed at the end of the story. Psychologically speaking, it can be interpreted that Hamlet really did lose his sanity as a result of the adversity hed faced both publicly and in private, as well as all that hed lost, people and himself alike. Existentially, Hamlet expresses many feelings of confusion towards his place in the world and his sense of self, hence his famous to be or not to be tangent. Whether or not Hamlet went crazy is up to the interpreter, however it is likely that Shakespeare would argue that he was never unreasonable mad, that anyone in those circumstances would be. Because Shakespeares lessons regarding humanity would be completely under-represented if Hamlet was painted as some crazy outlier of the majority of humanity. (chambers,1) interpretation helps elevate the plot in the way in which it questions humanity and our capacity to withstand adversity, as well ass present themes of power and greed and their repercussions. Essentially, this viewpoint serves as an examination of humanity as a whole and our resilience or weakness depending on the interpreter.(chambers,5) In conclusion, Shakespeares Hamlet can be interpreted in a multitude of ways, some of which are essential to both the plot and character development of the play. Each interpretation serves to question the integrity of humanity (as well as explore themes of the psyche of human nature, etc) in their own seperate ways. Without these interpretations, the underlying lessons of the play and even some large aspects of the plot wouldnt be recieved by a reader, which is why it is imperative that they are recognized and analyzed. Works Cited Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. Revenge Tragedy. Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 31 Mar. 2016, www.britannica.com/art/revenge-tragedy. JourneyHolm. Analyzing the Theme of Religion in William Shakespeares Hamlet. Owlcation, Owlcation, 5 Apr. 2017, owlcation.com/humanities/Analyzing-William-Shakespeares-Hamlet-from-a-Religious-Context. Dolor, Lull, Vicente. Death and Society: A Marxist Approach. users.clas.ufl.edu/davidson/arch%20of%20death/Week%2015/Lull%202000.pdf. Lorem ipsum dolor sit Political and Social Satire of Aristophanes, www.theatrehistory.com/british/critical_appreciation_of_hamlet.html.Dolor, L.I. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh. New York: Columbia UP, 1998. Print. Doe, R. John. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh, 1998. Print.

Effectiveness of Rasagiline as a Monotherapy - 854 Words

The elevated striatal dopamine levels induced by rasagiline-dependent MAO-B inhibition has been correlated to improvements in PD motor symptoms in both monotherapy and adjunctive therapy studies. The TEMPO (TVP-2012 in Early Monotherapy for Parkinson’s Disease Outpatients) study, a 26-week, randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial observed the efficacy of rasagiline as a monotherapy for 404 early PD patients. Efficacy of rasagiline was quantified using the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), a rating scale used to measure the progression of PD by scoring four primary categories of symptoms: mentation, behavior and mood; activities of daily living; motor examination; and complications of therapy. Higher UPDRS scores correspond to greater severity of disease with the maximum possible score of 199 points representing total disability. The patients in the TEMPO trial had a mean baseline UPDRS score of 25 points and were subsequently divid ed into three groups: 1 mg rasagiline qd, 2 mg rasagiline qd or placebo. At the end of the trial period, compared with the placebo group, the average change in total UPDRS score was -3.56 for the 2 mg rasagiline group and -4.20 for the 1 mg rasagiline group. Of the four UPDRS categories, the greatest change was observed in the motor examination sub-scale with a mean change of -2.71 for the 1 mg rasagiline group and -1.68 for the 2 mg rasagiline group. This reduction in UPDRS score, especially with regards to

Disclosure Continuous Information Asymmetry -Myssignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Disclosure Continuous Information Asymmetry? Answer: Introduction The main aim for the preparation of continuous disclosure framework is to develop strong and efficient equity market in Australia. The main reason is that complying with the regulations of continuous disclosure framework helps the companies in disclosing price sensitive information about shares in order to provide assistance to the investors in the decision making process (Aspris, Foley and Frino 2014). The recent investigation of Newcrest in the role of operations regulator for the investigation of the violation of continuous disclosure obligation has shown a major lesson for the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) listed companies related to continuous disclosure framework. The main aim of this report is to analyse and evaluate various aspects of continuous disclosure framework in relation with the Australian companies. More specifically, this report aims to discuss the necessity and effectiveness of continuous disclosure framework. Australian Disclosure Regime The continuous disclosure requirements are not new for the Australian Company Law and there has been an urgent necessity of continuous disclosure requirements. The current continuous disclosure framework was proposed in 1994 and it can be seen in Chapter 6CA (Sections 674 678) Corporations Act through ASX Listing Rules (Chapter 3). This particular section states that it is the responsibility of the Australian companies to disclose the price sensitive share information having material effect on the price of shares and securities. According to Guidance Note 8, companies have the obligation to disclose the price sensitive information when they become aware of it (Chang and Wee 2014). According to the regulations of Principle 5 in ASX Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations, continues disclosure plays an important role in minimizing the information asymmetry between the companies and investors and is also considered as a mean for effective governance. There are various enforcement alternatives through which companies can breach the continuous discloser obligation. Some major forms of these alternatives are civil penalty up to $1,000,000, undertakings of enforcements, different types of criminal penalty and many others (Fu, Carson and Simnett 2015). In this context, it needs to be mentioned that ASIC has the authority to take legal actions against the companies violating the obligation of continuous disclosure and it does not have any influence on the third party being affected by the violation of continuous discloser requirement. Even though companies can handle the infringement notices rapidly, big organizations have the scope to evade these notices in the cheap way with minimum effects on their goodwill (North 2014). The policing activity of ASIC is very useful in order to judge the extent of continuous disclosure. In a presentation to the Australian Investor Relations Association (AIRA), the commissioner of ASIC mentioned that 28 insider-trading actions is thee, in which 18 have been solved and 5 yet to be solved. Moreover, the current ASIC conviction rate has become almost double in compared to 2009. Currently, ASIC has 25 investigations in their hands that include 11 infringement notices and 9 cases of failing to satisfy the obligation of continuous disclosure (Chapple and Truong 2015). Continuous Disclosure Principles The main principles of continuous discourse regime of Australia are discussed below: It is essential for the Australian companies to disclose sufficient information so that the investors can make right judgment about the share prices by using this information and the investors have the right to make distinct judgment by using this information (Di Lernia 2014). The companies are also required to disclose the price sensitive share information to the market when they become aware about it. In addition, the need to disclose information on prompt basis when it is evident that disclosure could not be withheld legitimately anymore. It is required for the companies to disclose the prise sensitive information on an equal basis so that they become advantageous for the investors. In this context, it needs to be management that it is essential not to have selective disclosure in order to maintain the integrity of share market as selective disclosure has the potential for the development of insider trading where the material price sensitive information leads the trade of the investors. In this aspect, continuous disclosure framework reduces the risks of insider trading (Di Lernia 2014). The continuous disclosure framework has an important role to play in developing a balance between the timely disclosures of price sensitive information about the shares and restricting the aspect of earlier disclosure of such information. Apart from this, it is the restriction on the employees to develop any speculative information including volatility in the share prices with the assistance of frequent conflicting announcements about the share prices (Hermalin and Weisbach 2012). It is the responsibility of continuous disclosure regime to make an appropriate balance between the timely disclosures of prise sensitive share information and to protect the commercial benefits of the disclosing Australian companies. Business organizations have the authority to provide information to their advisors and the parent firms; but the business partners and the advisors cannot use this information for trading in the share market. It is the responsibility of the business organizations to maintain the confidentiality of the prise sensitive information to the investors. It is needed for the companies to disclose the price sensitive information based on their time and equality (Hsu, Lindsay and Tutticci 2012). As per continuous disclosure framework, it is the right of the companies to get effective guidance related with the continuous disclosure obligation of price sensitive information. Selective Disclosure Close association can be observed between selective disclosure and insider trading. The dependency of market can be seen on the flow of information; but it cannot be at a cost of equality and efficiency. Moreover, it must not affect the confident of the investors. For this reason, selective hinders in bringing loyalty in the analysis, restricting the investors from obtaining equal access to the share information, affecting the transparency of share market and spoiling the confidence of the investors (Russell 2015). Selective disclosure could lead to a cruel cycle where business organizations disclose the chosen share information in order to gain their favourable results that have no association with the goals and objectives of the companies. In addition, the process of selective disclosure makes the institutional investors able to extract preferential access to their preferred information for listed organizations with the help of private briefing. In spite of that, there is still nee d for selective briefing for the companies as they play an integral part in filling the gap in the analysis of share prices. This has relevancy as the investors become benefitted from the expert analysis. Level the playing field refers to the process of webcasting and getting access to the relevant documents by using the website of the companies. For this reason, most of the businesses organizations prefer to use adopt this process for the analysis of information. Recently, ASIC has taken the initiative of surveillance for the various aspects of selective disclosure of price sensitive information (Riaz et al. 2013). Surveillance The recent initiative of ASIC for carrying out the spot check process of selected organization is still overdue. The main reason of this is the presence of complexities in the process of successful monitoring along with the process of criminal prosecuting (Tran 2015). In addition, the total cost of ASIC is another significant matter to consider. For this reason, there is a need for strict laws. Apart from this, corporate governance is considered as another major aspect that needs to be implemented along with the required regulations. For all these reasons, the program of surveillance by ASIC has a great importance in the total process (Seamer 2014). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be observed that the continuous disclosure regime is a good aspect for the Australian companies. However, in this aspect, it is required for the authorities like ASIC to participate in this matter in order to balance the whole initiative of continuous disclosure framework. As per the above discussion, different layers of continuous disclosure regime in Australia are enforcements, regulations and guidance aiming towards the development of a strong and effective share market in Australia. Apart from this, the initiative of ASIC business surveillance is considered as another major step towards strengthening the equity market of Australia. For all these reasons, it can be concluded that the continuous disclosure regime is an effective tool for Australian companies in disclosing price sensitive timely information about the shares. References Annualreports.com. (2018).Annual Report 2015-16. [online] Available at: https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReports/PDF/ASX_BAL_2016.pdf [Accessed 16 Jan. 2018]. Aspris, A., Foley, S. and Frino, A., 2014. Does insider trading explain price run?up ahead of takeover announcements?.Accounting Finance,54(1), pp.25-45. Chang, M., Hooi, L. and Wee, M., 2014. How does investor relations disclosure affect analysts' forecasts?.Accounting Finance,54(2), pp.365-391. Chapple, L. and Truong, T.P., 2015. Continuous disclosure compliance: does corporate governance matter?.Accounting Finance,55(4), pp.965-988. Di Lernia, C., 2014. Empirical Research in Continuous Disclosure.Australian Accounting Review,24(4), pp.402-405. Di Lernia, C.A., 2014. Faith/less? Market integrity and the enforcement of Australias continuous disclosure provisions. Fu, Y., Carson, E. and Simnett, R., 2015. Transparency report disclosure by Australian audit firms and opportunities for research.Managerial Auditing Journal,30(8/9), pp.870-910. Hermalin, B.E. and Weisbach, M.S., 2012. Information disclosure and corporate governance.The Journal of Finance,67(1), pp.195-233. Hsu, G.C.M., Lindsay, S. and Tutticci, I., 2012. Inter?temporal changes in analysts forecast properties under the Australian continuous disclosure regime.Accounting Finance,52(4), pp.1101-1123. Investors.bellamysorganic.com.au. (2018).Annual Report 2017. [online] Available at: https://investors.bellamysorganic.com.au/FormBuilder/_Resource/_module/hwGxZyb3NkyBtC5tw1kqzQ/docs/reports/Bellamys_Annual_Report_2017.pdf [Accessed 16 Jan. 2018]. North, G., 2014. Listed Company Disclosure and Financial Market Transparency: Is this a Battle Worth Fighting or Merely Policy and Regulatory Mantra?.Browser Download This Paper. Riaz, Z., Ray, S., Ray, P.K. and Kirkbride, J., 2013. Collibration as an alternative regulatory approach for remuneration governance: A contextual analysis of Australia.International Journal of Disclosure and Governance,10(3), pp.246-260. Russell, M., 2015. Continuous disclosure and information asymmetry.Accounting Research Journal,28(2), pp.195-224. Seamer, M., 2014. Does Effective Corporate Governance Facilitate Continuous marketing Disclosure?.Australian Accounting Review,24(2), pp.111-126. Tran, A., 2015. Can taxable income be estimated from financial reports of listed companies in Australia?.Browser Download This Paper.

Economy of Singapore and Policy Debate for GDP- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEconomy of Singapore and Policy Debate for GDP. Answer: Introduction: The significance of the Singaporean economy rights lies in the developed and free market economy that it has holding 37th position globally in terms of Gross Domestic Product. The country ranks third in terms of per capita GDP estimated as per purchasing power parity. The nation is marked as pro-business encouraging business through adoption of various policies that favor the growth of the business. One of this is lower tax rates which accounts only 14.2% of the GDP. In terms of fairness, the country falls within top 10 and ranks 7th as least corrupt nation. The nation is mostly exporter to the world and connected with various countries through trade. This makes even the smaller economy important globally and the global impacts play greater role in determining the national economic health. The macroeconomic policies of nations play important role not only to ascertain economic growth in the nation over period but also helps the economy move toward stable equilibrium that is optimum (Ghosh,Jonathan and Marcos 2016). Major instruments of such macro policies are monetary policy or changes brought through modified exchange rate system The paper attempts to present an overall snapshot of Singaporean economy and detect its potential as well as lacking. The paper aims to prescribe whether a monetary policy or a exchange rate policy would be better strategy for the nation to solve the recent problems and move toward integrated and more developed economic situation. Snapshot of Singaporean Economy Upon achieving freedom from the shackles of Malaysian rule in 1965, Singapore started its solo journey with presence of small domestic market, higher unemployment and consequently poverty poor standard of living and lack of education and health. The poor condition of the nation showed in the estimated unemployment figure, which reached as high as 14% (Tremewan 2016). Since then the nation focused on making the country attractive destination for investment and capital inflows. The imitative proves its success in the fact that by 2001 the nation has been able to receive foreign investments in the manufacturing production by 75% and in the manufacturing export by 85% (Tremewan 2016). The investment boosted the production to meet increased demand and this further led to capital accumulation. Overtime this led to increased savings and interest rates. This enhanced the capital stock of the nation by 33 times since it was in 1992. The capital-labor ration increased 10 times. With rising wag e shares of GDP and household consumption backed by increased income the standard of living improved and the nation reached middle income level from low income nation Two biggest strategies adopted by the nation was self-reliance and skill development within workforce that took care of the deficiencies the nation had in terms of income and basic amenities of life. Public companies driven by government comprise the major part of the national economy. These companies are held through sovereign wealth funds that buys majority shares in those firms. The nation is biggest financier in terms of foreign direct investment outflow. Positive economic and political climate of the nation has also made it receive capital inflows from global institutions. The policies and strategies brought 8% of GDP growth rate in the nation from 1960 to 1999. The rate fell to 5.4% following Asian Financial Crisis (Rodan 2016). The economy picked up its growth reaching 9.9% in 2001 even though the slumps in the USA, Japan, European countries had negative impact on the growth condition of Singapore. Since 2004 the nation showed remarkable growth rate The economy of the country lies mostly on three broadly visible sectors Banking, Biotechnology and Energy Infrastructure. Apart from these, telecommunication and retail sector also plays significant role in determining the growth of GDP overtime. The manufacturing sector accounts highest almost 21% to GDP followed by retail and whole sale contributing 17%, business by 14, financial services and transportation by 12%, construction by 4% and others 20% (Rodan 2016). Though the nation is dominant in service production, it also pioneers in manufacturing of chemicals and electronics. Current Economic Issues In the recent time period the nation records GDP at US$298.1 billion with current growth rate of 1.7% in 2016 and 2.9%v in 2017 (Tremewan 2016). The increasing trend of the growth trend is due to increasing industrial production as well as export. The industrial production growth rate has been in 1% in 2016 estimation. The open market operation of the nation has allowed it to receive freedom in trade, business, investments and financial operations. The efficient regulation of the economy has led to relaxation in the business operation as well as provided freedom to labor and money market. The country has managed to maintain good fiscal health with lower tax burden and higher level of government spending. Source: (2017 Index of Economic Freedom) The driving reason behind continued growth of Singapore is the stable macroeconomic policies combined with political, legal and financial stable environment. This has led the economy to become more dynamic and adaptive as well as responsive to various global and national events. The growth in business is promoted and consolidated by the strong and secured property rights. Efficient judicial framework, lower level of corruption and sustained rule of law led the economy move toward increasing pattern of growth line. The country is open to the global economies for trade and investment. Moreover the decisions and activities are taken incorporating environmental sustenance that makes the country more attractive globally in terms of efficient production. Even though the nation is mostly consists of public companies held and operated by government, the private sector determines the resilience and the competitiveness of the nation. State ownership in the enterprises as well as key sectors of economy reflects substantial balance in the economic growth. Public housing services, heath care, education and various other programs are administered by the provident fund of central government and statutory authorities. To prescribe suitable policy for growth, the nation needs to indentify its shortcomings and deficiencies. Major issues the nation facing right at this period are: Slow Growth: The recent economic trend of slower growth stems from the massive hit that Global Financial Crisis gave to the world economy. The interconnection of the countries through international trade made the impact of the crisis chronic and spread too many countries (Aggarwal and Shujiro 2013). This had huge impact on economy of Singapore too with lowering the employment stemmed from cut in production due to fall in international demand of export. The world economy is yet under reconstruction and this restructuring creates economic vulnerability for the nation. Almost 3460 lost job and huge amount people got affected facing challenges in employment (Tremewan 2016). Almost 42000 business units could not thrive the economic hit and led toward shut down situation. The recent slump in the national economic output is the combined effect of cyclical fluctuation in short-term and structural concerns of the long run. Key contributors to slower growth are: Slow Global Growth: Growth of largest world economies like USA, China has slumped which had clearer impact in reduced trade, demand and consequent impact on Singapore s falling export and growth respectively. T he trade dependent national economy is greatly affected by the downturn global economy is facing. Slump in Global Oil Price: The oil and gas industry has faced plunging prices that affected their business growth since middle of 2014 continued till recent years. The downturn in prices for long time has led to loss of $35.5 billion revenue from the top oil companies of the country. Shift in Flow of Trade: The international trend of trade has shifted towards consumption and services than industrial and manufactured goods production. This has led to reduction in demand and export has fallen as a result creating a gloom fro economy of Singapore. Disruptions and Changes: Advancement of technology has updated almost every industry of the nation bringing forth both the challenges along with opportunities. This factor has affected the labor market most. On one hand the advent of technology creates room for new jobs in emerging sectors like engineering, IT, healthcare and education. (Aggarwal and Shujiro 2013) On the other hand it creates challenges in terms of loss of employment. Few of the services in which the country aced like aviation and national carriers, has eroded its value due to excessive competition coming from Southeast and East Asia. Problem of higher manufacturing cost, shortage of lands, poor policies that restricts access to foreign workers, weak performance of productivity, required a structural change for the entire economy, which the nation is unable to provide. The health services of the nation are also performing under strain being unable meet the huge demand at low cost even after the central provident fund has been initiated to provide basic health services. Moreover poor stock market performance an retrenchment in banking, oil and gas, electronic and real estate sectors created much more negative vibes for the economic output. Implication of monetary Policy Exchange Rate Policy: The monetary policy of a country is crucial to its economic growth as it stabilizes various economic shortcomings it has. A good monetary policy take s care of the inflationary pressure the nation has. It helps in cash control through open market operation. Moreover, interest rates goes up and down depending upon the mode of monetary policy being expansionary or contractionary (Tan 2012). An expansionary monetary policy would make the interest rates lower and the contractionary one would push the rates to be higher in order to control the supply of money in the market. Moreover to bridge the gap of balance of payment deficit, ensure price stability and manage debt of the nation, well planned monetary policy is unequivocally important. Exchange rate affects price stability and growth of a nation. It determines the prices of goods and services in international trade. Suppose for $1, SGD 1.379 is exchanged. Now if dollar appreciates that is suppose $1 is exchanged for SGD 2 which also implies depreciation of Singaporean dollar, then that makes import cost higher and export brings more revenue for the nation. This leads to more export and less import improving balance of trade (Burle, Gregor, and Daniel 2014). On the other hand, depreciation of the dollar happens when Singaporean dollar appreciates, suppose $1 = SGD 0.98 now. The value of dollar falls and makes US goods become cheaper and more import is encouraged. The exports of Singapore falls as the national product become expensive in international market (Von Mises 2012). As a result, balance of trade runs in deficit. These affect the domestic price as well as national output strongly. Year Exchange Rate of (SGD/$) 2011 1.2573 2012 1.2498 2013 1.2513 2014 1.2671 2015 1.3748 2016 1.379 (Source: Author) The table shows that the exchange rate of the Singapore has been steady over the past 5 years with recent insignificant depreciation in last 2 years. This ensures the country doesnt require exchange rate modification that much but the monetary policy which can enhance the money market operation Suitable Policy for Singapore The major problem Singapore is facing right now is lesser economic growth stemming from recessionary impact of Global Financial Crisis spread worldwide. As a result, volume of international trade has declined due to fall in export demand from big economies like USA, China. This situation can be survived only by expanding and diversifying domestic economy. For this, a suitable monetary policy is best way to boost the domestic consumption. From the national income identity Y = C + I + G + NX , Y the national output or income can be enhanced by boosting the components like C, I or G apart from NX which is well managed by a suitable exchange rate policy (Ghosh,Jonathan and Marcos 2016). The country being mostly trade dependent needs to shift focus toward creating more demand in nation and go for market expansion in various sector. This would require more government expenditure too bring out new projects that would create employment while supplying to meet demand. The country has to remain open to international trade without adopting protectionism as adopted by many developing s well as developed economies in order to save themselves from contagious effect of global downturn. This requires the nation to participate more in trade agreements and partnerships like Trans-Pacific Partnership as member of Asian Economic Community. Conclusion Singapore has left its mark on the global economy through its huge export made to various countries of world. Mostly the big market economies like USA, Japan, and China India created more export demand for Singapore and the recent global financial crisis has hit the Singaporean economy pretty bad that evoked slower growth throughout in the nation in recent time. Since volume of trade and as a result, export of the country has been falling which it can counteract by an expansionary monetary policy that would increase money supply. Increased money supply can call for more demand through more income generation and more investment should be made in sectors and enterprises in order to diversify the production in national economy. The country needs to prepare for the seen as well as unseen challenges to recover the downfall by adopting innovative production to meet the expanded and diversified demand in the domestic market. Re-skilling the labor force can make the enterprises produce more efficiency and productivity. References Aggarwal, Vinod, and Shujiro Urata, eds.Bilateral trade agreements in the Asia-Pacific: Origins, evolution, and implications. Routledge, 2013. Burle, Gregor, and Daniel Kaufmann.Exchange Rate and Price Dynamics in a Small Open Economy: The Role of the Zero Lower Bound and Monetary Policy Regimes. No. 2014-10. Swiss National Bank, 2014. Bruno, Valentina, and Hyun Song Shin. "Capital flows and the risk-taking channel of monetary policy."Journal of Monetary Economics71 (2015): 119-132. Fiore, Fiorella De, and Oreste Tristani. "Optimal monetary policy in a model of the credit channel."The Economic Journal123, no. 571 (2013): 906-931. Gambacorta, Leonardo, Boris Hofmann, and Gert Peersman. "The effectiveness of unconventional monetary policy at the zero lower bound: A cross?country analysis."Journal of Money, Credit and Banking46, no. 4 (2014): 615-642. Ghosh, Atish R., Jonathan D. Ostry, and Marcos Chamon. "Two targets, two instruments: monetary and exchange rate policies in emerging market economies."Journal of International Money and Finance60 (2016): 172-196. Hamilton, James D., and Jing Cynthia Wu. "The effectiveness of alternative monetary policy tools in a zero lower bound environment."Journal of Money, Credit and Banking44, no. s1 (2012): 3-46. Ozga, Jenny, Terri Seddon, and Thomas S. Popkewitz, eds.World Yearbook of Education 2006: Education, Research and Policy: Steering the Knowledge-Based Economy. Routledge, 2013. Pudukudy, Manoj, Zahira Yaakob, Masita Mohammad, Binitha Narayanan, and Kamaruzzaman Sopian. "Renewable hydrogen economy in AsiaOpportunities and challenges: An overview."Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews30 (2014): 743-757. Rodan, Garry.The political economy of Singapore's industrialization: national state and international capital. Springer, 2016. Stein, Jeremy C. "Monetary policy as financial stability regulation."The Quarterly Journal of Economics127, no. 1 (2012): 57-95. Tan, Kenneth Paul. "The ideology of pragmatism: Neo-liberal globalisation and political authoritarianism in Singapore."Journal of Contemporary Asia42, no. 1 (2012): 67-92. Towbin, Pascal, and Sebastian Weber. "Limits of floating exchange rates: The role of foreign currency debt and import structure."Journal of Development Economics101 (2013): 179-194. Tremewan, Christopher.The political economy of social control in Singapore. Springer, 2016. Tsangarides, Charalambos G. "Crisis and recovery: Role of the exchange rate regime in emerging market economies."Journal of Macroeconomics34, no. 2 (2012): 470-488. Von Mises, Ludwig.On the manipulation of money and credit: three treatises on trade-cycle theory. Liberty Fund, 2012.

The Circle Of Fire Essays - Lines Of Latitude, Plate Tectonics

The Circle of Fire The secrets of the Circle of Fire lies somewhere deep into the Earths formation about 4.5 - 5 billion years ago. The Circle of Fire is a ring of volcanic mountains that Borders the coasts of North and South America, along with Asia and Thialand. It also forms a semi-cirlce from the southern tip of South America to Australia. The Earth is about 4.5 - 5 billion Years old. Whereas man's recorded history is only about 5000 years old.(Circle of fire page 3) The Earth is made up of 3 different layers 1- The Crust, the Crust is the very top layer of the earth that we live on, it consits of 7 different crustal plates. 2- The mantle which is the middle layer, This is made of a liquid plastic type of material called magma, This material is constantly flowing which causes the crustal plates to shift.3- The Inner Core, this is the very center of the Earth, Scientists aren't positive but they believe that it is solid lava. About 80% of the worlds Earthquakes occur in the Circle of Fire. (The Circle of Fire p. 13) They happen in a narrow belt of faults that run parallel with the equator from North and South America to Asia. In 1950 an Expidition from Scripps Institute of Oceanography while exploring the sea floor off the coast of California discoverd fracture Zones.(Circle of Fire p 17) These fracture zones run parallel with the equator from North and South America to Asia down to Thailand as well. Often these fracture zones are not deep but they run ten to twenty miles wide. And amazingly the run in an almost equal distance of about 400 - 500 miles long. The Circle of Fire is a mysterious place. Though no one knows how it was formed , scientists believe they are close, They also believe that once they uncover its secrets, they will be able to answer many of the unsolved questions of the Earths Formation.

US Democracy essays

US Democracy essays Is the Unites States Political System a Legitimate Democracy In any system which claims to be democratic, a question of its legitimacy remains. A truly democratic political system has certain characteristics which prove its legitimacy with their existence. One essential characteristic of a legitimate democracy is that it allows people to freely make choices without government intervention. Another necessary characteristic which legitimates government is that every vote must count equally: one vote for every person. For this equality to occur, all people must be subject to the same laws, have equal civil rights, and be allowed to freely express their ideas. Minority rights are also crucial in a legitimate democracy. No matter how unpopular their views, all people should enjoy the freedoms of speech, press and assembly. Public policy should be made publicly, not secretly, and regularly scheduled elections should be held. Since "legitimacy" may be defined as "the feeling or opinion the people have that government is based upon morally defensible principles and that they should therefore obey it," then there must necessarily be a connection between what the people want and what the government is doing if legitimacy is to occur. The U.S. government may be considered legitimate in some aspects, and illegitimate in others. Because voting is class-biased, it may not be classified as a completely legitimate process. Although in theory the American system calls for one vote per person, the low rate of turnout results in the upper and middle classes ultimately choosing candidates for the entire nation. Class is determined by income and education, and differing levels of these two factors can help explain why class bias occurs. For example, because educated people tend to understand politics more, they are more likely to vote. People with high income and education also have more resources, and poor people tend to have low political efficacy (...

Understanding enron Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Understanding enron - Assignment Example Enron is a unique data point which cannot be considered a trend. Another perspective suggests Enron as an example of systematic governance failure. Openly roiling the market, Enron has established new demand among investors for transparency. Market has discovered that professional staff like gatekeepers cannot be trusted for handling the financial data. Enron demonstrates gatekeeper failure. Gatekeepers provide services of verification and certification to the investors. Attorneys are more of transaction engineers than reputational intermediaries, though they can also be included in the category of gatekeepers. Gatekeepers are known as valuable sources of information because of their tendency to provide honest assessment, though gatekeepers derive their importance from pledging a reputational capital, that is too dear to them to sacrifice for a little fee. However, heavy gains optimize a gatekeeper’s tendency to comply in managerial fraud. Enron’s gatekeeper let the man agers do fraud. The status of gatekeepers is changing. Arthur Andersen engaged in several security frauds. The number of earning restatements and the amounts involved increased by the 1990’s. Most securities analysts kept recommendations on the stock of Enron till its bankruptcy filing. Analysts are also reputational intermediaries. The ration of buy to sell kept increasing over the years in the 1990’s. Something made the gatekeepers compromise the objectivity and independence. Enron provides an example of the collective failure of gatekeepers, including the auditors, the analysts, and the debt rating agencies. Two explanations can be laid for the ignorance of the massive fraud by these watchdogs; the economic general deterrence story and the psychological bubble story. 1990’s saw a decline in the risk of auditor liability along with an increase in the benefits of acquiescence, which

The O.J. Simpson Murder Case Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The O.J. Simpson Murder Case - Term Paper Example He is also known for his world record breaking run in the USC sprint relay quartet at the NCAA track championships in Provo, Utah. In 1968, he won the Heisman Trophy, the Maxwell Award, and the Walter Camp Award. He also holds the record for the Heisman's largest margin of victory. Being American Football League's Buffalo Bills' first overall pick in the 1969 Common Draft, he was also the first professional football player to rush for more than 2,000 yards in a season. He also holds the record for the highest yards-per-game average in a single season. He was a great figure in the world of sports and is idolized by many sportsmen. He was also inducted to Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1985. O.J Simpson also starred in some movies. His career ranges from dramatic to comedic movies. His dramatic movies include The Cassandra Crossing, Capricorn One, The Klansman and The Towering Inferno. His comedy movies include The Naked Gun Trilogy and Back to the Beach. He had a good career in movies a nd had a successful run in acting in ads one of which was about a comic book. He quickly sprang up to status of a celebrity with a huge following. He started his own film production company called Orenthal Productions in 1979. NBC was considering airing his series called Frogmen but the project was cancelled when he was arrested for murder. Known mostly due to his career in professional football and being a respected commentator, everything related to O.J Simpson was of public interest. On June 13, 1994, O.J Simpson’s ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman were found murdered outside Brown's Bundy Drive condo in the Brentwood area of Los Angeles, California. O.J Simpson immediately became the prime suspect of the crime due to some evidence that included a 911 call made by Nicole Brown on January 1, 1989 in which she informed the police that O.J Simpson would hurt her physically. Simpson could be heard yelling in the background of that call. The two were di vorced 2 years prior to the murders. Simpson was not located immediately after the incident. There were speculations that he might have committed suicide after a letter by him was presented by his friend, Robert Kardashian, who was also one of his defense lawyers. He was, however, spotted later when one of his friends was being pursued. A low-speed chase ensued as Simpson threatened to commit suicide. 8 hours later, the chase ended and Simpson agreed to surrender to the police. He was allowed to speak to his mother before his arrest. He spent one hour with her. (F. Lee Bailey & Jean Rabe, 2008) On June 20, 1994, Simpson pleaded not guilty to both murders when he was arraigned. The grand jury that was called initially to determine whether to indict Simpson for murders was dismissed on June 23 as there were qualms about the attainment of an unbiased result. Media had excessive coverage regarding this case and it was suspected that the initial jury might lose its objectivity. Jill Shiv ely and Jose Camacho testified in the court with Jill saying that she saw Simpson’s car in the vicinity of the place of incident and Jose identifying the fact that he sold a knife to Simpson which was quite similar to the one that was used in the murders. They sold their stories to newspapers and were not presented in the court as witnesses afterwards. (L. Jones, Thomas, n.d) On July 7, it was ruled that Simpson was to be brought to trial

Task 1 and Task 2one is essay and one is repport choose The - 1

Task 1 and Task 2one is and one is repport choose The Philippines currency - Essay Example This causes the domestic currency to appreciate. In addition, under this regime, an increase in international real interest rates increases domestic output, decreases exchange rates and domestic price level on condition that money demand is more elastic to changes in the real income than the real interest rates. An increase in domestic money supply causes a proportional increase in the price levels. In this model, the income of a consumer is assumed to be exogenous. The consumer is also assumed to be living in both the present and future periods. The consumer can also borrow and lend regardless of the prevailing world interests rates. The model also assumes that there is no investment made and the current and future government expenditure (G and G’ respectively) is exogenous. A Current Account Surplus implies that a particular country saves more than it invests. It is reflected by an excess of domestic savings over domestic investments and an increase in a country’s net foreign assets evidenced by positive sales abroad. The model suggests a positive relationship between the current account surplus and the current income. As the current income increases, the current account surplus also rises due to an increase in current consumption and government expenditure. The current account surplus experiences an inverse relationship with anticipated future income. As the fu ture income is expected to rise, the current account surplus is expected to reduce as a result of reduction in savings. When the current account surplus is zero, the country’s savings equals the investments. Capital controls refer to prohibitions enforced by the government or Central Bank of a country to restrict the flow of foreign capital in the domestic economy. Capital controls could be exchange controls, taxes, legislation, volume restrictions and reduction in foreign remittances which reduce foreign trade. Capital

Crystal Growth and Nonlinear Optics

Crystal Growth and Nonlinear Optics CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO CRYSTAL GROWTH AND NONLINEAR OPTICS 1.1  INTRODUCTION Crystal growth is regarded as an ancient subject, owing to the fact that the crystallization of salt and sugar were known to the ancient Indian and Chinese civilizations. The subject of crystal growth was treated as part of crystallography and never had an independent identity until the last century. It has a long history of evolution from â€Å"a substance potting art† to a science in its own right which has accelerated by the invention of transistor in 1948, and the subsequent need for high purity semiconductor single crystals. Crystals are the unacknowledged pillars of modern technology. The fundamentals of crystal growth was entirely bestowed upon the morphological studies of the naturally occurring crystals. Thus began the scientific approach for this subject during the seventeenth century by Kepler, followed by quite a few others like Nicolous Steno, Descartes, Bartholinus, etc. This type of morphological study slowly led to the understanding of the atomistic process of crystal growth. Recent bursting research on nanostructured materials depend on the crystal growth theory and technology. In the early twentieth century, the crystal growth evolved as a separate branch of science and several theories from Kossel, Donnay-Harker, Volmer and Burton, Cabrera and Frank (BCF) were proposed. Although science of crystal growth originated through the explanations of Nicolous Steno in 1669, the actual impetus to this field began after the BCF theory was formulated and also when there was a great demand for crystals during World War II. Crystal growth plays an important role in material science and engineering. It is an interdisciplinary subject of physics and chemistry. Initially the natural crystals were adored as gems and museum pieces. Later, a transition of crystals has occurred from museum to technology which stimulated crystal grower community to produce large crystals artificially. In the recent scientific era, the utility of crystals has been extended to novel devices such as nonlinear optical and piezoelectric devices. Atomic arrangement with periodicity in three dimensional pattern at equally repeated distances are called single crystals. The preparation of single crystal is more difficult than polycrystalline material and extra effort is justified because of outstanding properties of single crystals (Laudise 1970). The single crystal growth has prominent role in the present era because of rapid technical and scientific advancement. The application of crystals has unbounded limits because of its special optical and electrical properties over noncrystalline material. This means that the new crystals have to be grown and fabricated in order to assess their device properties. The main parameters which involve in crystal growth are nucleation, growth rate, stability, crystalline defects, compositional inhomogeneity and thermodynamics of the source of liquid. The evolution in the crystal growth requires not only scientific understanding, but also the driving force of applied technology which so often provides a significant influence in highlighting the lack of scientific knowledge and need for a more refined evolution of science and indeed the development of new concepts. The studies on the growth and physical properties of single crystals of amino acids and their compounds are of great interest because they possess properties such as piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity and possibly ferroelectricity. In the recent century, the development of science in many areas has been achieved through the growth of single crystals. The single crystals designed for producing second harmonic generation (SHG) received consistent attention for applications in the field of telecommunication, optical information processing, laser remote sensing and colour displays. 1.2  KINETICS OF CRYSTAL GROWTH Crystals are solid substances in general which may be obtained from solid, liquid or vapour phase. Except for solid phase, all other phases yield crystals with developed faces, which represent the crystal medium interface during the development of a crystal from the growth medium. Subsequently, the crystal faces contain information about the nature of the interfaces as well as about the phenomena taking place at the interface. In solid phase growth, some grains grow larger at the expense of others and the interface mainly concave with respect to the growing grain and lies in the interior of the bulk mass. In melt growth, the interface is forced to take the shape of the isotherm inside the crucible containing the melt. However, in both cases, a free development of the faces is rarely encountered. It is also possible to obtain valuable information about the growth processes by using suitable methods. Elementary processes involved in the development of the micromorphology of as grown surfaces of bulk single crystal and epitaxial layers, and of evaporated and etched surfaces under different experimental conditions are essentially similar irrespective of the type of a material. When a crystal nucleus attains a critical size, then it grows into crystal of macroscopic dimension with well developed faces. Several theories have been proposed to explain the mechanism of crystal growth. They are: Surface energy theory, Adsorption layer theory and Diffusion theory. The surface energy theory states that the growing crystal assumes a shape, which has a minimum surface energy. According to adsorption layer theory, a molecule arriving at a crystal surface from the bulk of the supersaturated solution or super cooled melt loses a part of its latent heat. All molecules similar to this move along the surface and join together to form a small two dimensional nucleus due to inelastic collision. Bravious proposed that the growth rate of a crystal face depends on reticular densities of a lattice point of that face. The surface energy is the least when the face possesses the greatest reticular density. The attachment energy is due to Vander Waals force in the case of homopolar crystals and it is due to electrostatic forces in the case of ionic crystals. According to the diffusion theory matter is deposited continuously on a crystal phase at the rate proportional to the difference in concentration between the point of deposition and the bulk of the solution. In diffusion theory, the molecules in contact with the crystal surface are adsorbed quickly. A concentration gradient is thus produced between the bulk of the solution and the growing crystal surface. The mass transfer from the bulk of the solution to the surface involves molecular diffusion. In general, in any crystal growth process, the following steps are involved: (i) Generation of reactants (ii) Transport of reactants to the growth surface (iii) Adsorption at the growth surface (iv) Nucleation (v) Growth and (vi) Removal of unwanted reaction products from the growth surface 1.2.1  Solution, Solubility and Super Solubility A solution is a homogeneous mixture of a solute in a solvent. Solute is a component, which is present in a smaller quantity. For a given solute, there may be different solvents. The solvent is chosen taking into account of the following factors to grow crystals from solution: (i) Good solubility for the given solute (ii) Good temperature coefficient of solute solubility Less viscosity (iv) Less volatility (v) Less corrosion and non toxicity (vi) Low vapour pressure and (vii) Cost advantage Solubility of the material in a solvent decides the amount of the material, which is available for the growth and hence defines the total size limit. Solubility gradient is another important parameter, which dictates the growth procedure. If the solubility gradient is very small, slow evaporation of the solvent is the best option for crystal growth in order to maintain a constant supersaturation in the solution. Growth of crystals from solution is mainly a diffusion-controlled process. The medium must be viscous enough to enable faster transference of the growth units from the bulk solution by diffusion. Hence, a solvent with less viscosity is preferable. Supersaturation is an important parameter for the solution growth process. The crystal grows by the access of the solute in the solution where the degree of supersaturation is maintained. The solubility data at various temperatures are essential to determine the level of supersaturation. Hence, the solubility of the solute in the ch osen solvent must be determined before starting the growth process. The relationship between the equilibrium concentrations as a function of temperature is represented by the solubility diagram in Figure 1.1 which is known as temperature-concentration diagram. Miers carried out extensive research in the relationship between supersaturation and spontaneous crystallization. The lower continuous line is the normal solubility curve for the salt concerned. Temperature and concentration at which spontaneous crystallization occurs are represented by the upper broken curve, generally referred to as the supersolubility curve. The whole concentration-temperature field is separated by the saturated solution line (solubility curve) into two regions, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions. Saturated solutions are those mixtures, which can retain their equilibrium indefinitely in contact with the solid phase with respect to which they are saturated. The solubility of most substances increase with temperature (the temperature coefficient of the solubility is posi tive) and crystals can be grown only from supersaturated solutions, which contain an excess of the solute above the equilibrium value. The temperature-concentration diagram is divided into three regions, which are termed as region I, II and III respectively. Figure 1.1 Miers solubility curve (i)The stable (undersaturated) zone where crystallization is not possible (Region I). (ii)The region II is a metastable zone, between the solubility and supersolubility curves, where spontaneous crystallization is improbable. However, if a seed crystal is placed in metastable solution, growth would occur on it. (iii)The region III is an unstable or labile (supersaturation) zone, where spontaneous crystallization is more probable. If the solution whose concentration and temperature represented by point A in the Figure. 1.1, is cooled without loss of solvent (Line ABC) spontaneous crystallization cannot occur until conditions represented by point C are reached. At this point, crystallization is spontaneous. Further cooling to some point D will produce spurious nucleation. The evaporation of solvent from the solution results in supersaturation. The line AB’C’ represents an operation carried out at constant temperature. Penetration beyond the supersolubility curve into the labile zone rarely happens, as the surface from which evaporation takes place is usually supersaturated to a greater degree than the bulk of solution. Crystals, which appear on this surface eventually fall into the solution and seed in it. In practice, a combination of cooling and evaporation as represented by the line AB†C† is also adopted. 1.2.2  Expression for Supersaturation In order to grow crystals, the solution must be supersaturated. Supersaturation is the driving force, which governs the rate of crystal growth. The supersaturation of a system may be expressed in number of ways. The basic units of concentration as well as temperature must be specified. The degree of supersaturation of a solution is defined using the concept of absolute supersaturation (1.1) where C is the concentration of the dissolved substance at a given moment and Co is its solubility limit. The degree of supersaturation can also be defined as the relative supersaturation, which is given by (1.2) or as the coefficient of supersaturation. (1.3) The quantities ÃŽ ±, ÃŽ ² and à Ã¢â‚¬Å" are interrelated (Khamshii 1969) 1.3  NUCLEATION In a supersaturated or super cooled system, few atoms or molecules join together and a change in energy takes place during the formation of clusters. The cluster of atoms or molecules is called embryo. An embryo may grow or disintegrate and disappear completely. If the embryo grows to a particular size, critical size known as critical nucleus, then there is a tendency for the nucleus to grow. Thus, nucleation is an important phenomenon in crystal growth and is the precursor of crystal growth and of the overall crystallization process. The formation of stable nucleus occurs only by the addition of a number of molecules (A1) until a critical cluster is formed. In general A n-1 + A 1 → A n (Critical) (1.4) Any further addition to the critical nucleus results in nucleation followed by growth. Once these nucleus grow beyond a certain size, they become stable under the average condition of supersaturation of the solution. Further, the creation of a new phase in the homogeneous solution demands for the expenditure of certain quantity of energy. Once embryos achieve this critical size there is a high probability that they will grow, relatively unhindered, to macroscopic size. 1.3.1  Types of Nucleation Nucleation may occur spontaneously or may be induced artificially. These two cases are frequently referred to as homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation respectively. The term primary will be reserved for both the cases of nucleation in the systems that do not contain crystalline matter. On the other hand, the nucleus is often generated in the vicinity of crystals presented in the supersaturated system. This phenomenon is referred to as secondary nucleation. Figure 1.2 shows the classification of nucleation. The spontaneous formation of crystalline nucleus in the interior of the parent phase is called homogeneous nucleation. If the nucleus forms heterogeneously around ions, impurity molecules or on dust particles, on surfaces or at structural irrgularities such as dislocations or other imperfections is called heterogeneous nucleation. Figure 1.2 Schematic diagram indicating the classification of nucleation Nucleation can often be induced by external processes like agitation, friction, mechanical shock, electromagnetic fields, extreme pressure, ultraviolet, X-rays, ÃŽ ³Ã¢â‚¬â€œ rays, sonic and ultrasonic radiation and so on (Mullin 2001; Laudise 1975; Gilman 1963; Stringfellow 1979; Sangwal 1987; Jancic Grootscholten 1984). 1.3.2  Energy of formation of a nucleus Any isolated droplet of a fluid is most stable when its free energy is maximum and thus its area is minimum. The growth of an embryo or a crystal could be considered as an example of this principle. The total energy of the crystal in equilibrium with its surrounding at constant temperature and pressure would be minimum for a given volume. When a volume free energy per unit volume is considered to be constant ÃŽ £ai ÏÆ'i = minimum (1.5) whereai is area of ith face and ÏÆ'i is surface energy per unit area Thus considering the nucleus to be spherical, the energy of formation of the nucleus is determined. 1.3.3  Energy of Formation of Spherical Nucleus The formation of a droplet nucleus due to supersaturation of vapour demands the expenditure of a certain quantity of energy in the creation of new phase. Therefore the total free energy change associated with the formation of homogeneous nucleation may be considered as follows. Let ΔG be the overall excess free energy of the embryo between the two phases. Since the volume and surface free energies, the total free energy associated with the process can be written as ΔG = ΔG S + ΔG V (1.6) where ΔGS is the surface free energy change and ΔGV is the volume free energy change. For a spherical nucleus of radius r, ΔG = Ï€r3 ΔG V + 4 Ï€r2ÃŽ ³ (1.7) The first term expresses the formation of the new surface and the second term expresses the difference in the chemical potential between the crystalline phase and the surrounding mother liquid. Where ÃŽ ³ is the interfacial tension and ΔGv is the free energy change per unit volume, which is a negative quantity, r the radius of the nucleus. Since the surface free energy increases with r2 and volume free energy decreases with r3, the total net free energy change increases with increase in size and attains a critical value after which it decreases. The size corresponding to the maximum free energy change is called critical nucleus.

Social Effects of the Berlin Wall Essay -- essays research papers fc

Outline THESIS: From research and historical analysts, we can conclude that in many cases the people of Germany have been effected socially and economically by the building and construction of the Berlin Wall. I. Background A. Beginning construction B. Closing borders C. Pre-Berlin Wall II. History A. Cold War B. World War II C. Economy III. Post- Berlin Wall effects A. Economic examples B. Political examples Conclusion In the last fifty years the German Democratic Republic has been a nonstop changing country. In Germany, the terms â€Å"East† and â€Å"West† do not just represent geographically regions. It runs much deeper than that, and there is still a large gap in the way of life, and political and social conditions of the whole country. While most German’s were sleeping on the night of August 13, 1961, the East German government began closing its borders. In the early morning of that Sunday, most of the first work was done: the border to West Berlin was closed. The East German troops had begun to tear up streets and to install barbed wire entanglement and fences through Berlin. Between 1961 and today, the Berlin Wall saw many changes, and so did the people that it entrapped. Prior to the construction of the Berlin Wall, boarders between East and West Germany were closed in 1952 because of tension between Communists and Democratic superpowers and the only open crossing left in Berlin. West Germany was blockaded by the Soviets and only kept alive because of air drops made by the Western Allies (Time). The Soviets had to do something about the mass amount of people leaving Soviet East Berlin for West Berlin, and the non-communist world. The most visible aspect of the Cold War was the Berlin Wall. Before the wall was constructed, East and West Germans could travel freely between the two states. The number of East Germans fleeing to West was an embarrassment to the Communists, and something had to be done to pro... ...in a recent pole, 40% of young people in this area would vote for this party of former communists. In the West however, all of the districts, excluding one voted for the conservative Christian Democratic Union. (Time Nov 20th) Though times were tough for many years for some Germans, things are improving slowly. While the wall was erect, many Germans had high hopes of change and continue to strive towards equality nationwide. In June of 1963 when John F. Kennedy visited Berlin, he gave a very impacting speech to the people of Berlin, "There are some who say that Communism is the wave of the future. Let them come to Berlin" (Sidey). Although the wall no longer physically stands, it still today divides Germany and Berlin into two separate states today. Works Cited Benjamin, Daniel. â€Å"Wall of Shame.† Time. November 20, 1989 Canning, Kathleen. â€Å"Responses to German Reunification.† The Journal of the International Institute. 2000. The Regents of the University of Michigan. 07 March 05 Sidey, Hugh. â€Å"The Presidency.† Time. November 20, 1989 Wallace, Charles P., â€Å"Across the Great Divide.† Time Europe. Nov. 15, 1999 Social Effects of the Berlin Wall Essay -- essays research papers fc Outline THESIS: From research and historical analysts, we can conclude that in many cases the people of Germany have been effected socially and economically by the building and construction of the Berlin Wall. I. Background A. Beginning construction B. Closing borders C. Pre-Berlin Wall II. History A. Cold War B. World War II C. Economy III. Post- Berlin Wall effects A. Economic examples B. Political examples Conclusion In the last fifty years the German Democratic Republic has been a nonstop changing country. In Germany, the terms â€Å"East† and â€Å"West† do not just represent geographically regions. It runs much deeper than that, and there is still a large gap in the way of life, and political and social conditions of the whole country. While most German’s were sleeping on the night of August 13, 1961, the East German government began closing its borders. In the early morning of that Sunday, most of the first work was done: the border to West Berlin was closed. The East German troops had begun to tear up streets and to install barbed wire entanglement and fences through Berlin. Between 1961 and today, the Berlin Wall saw many changes, and so did the people that it entrapped. Prior to the construction of the Berlin Wall, boarders between East and West Germany were closed in 1952 because of tension between Communists and Democratic superpowers and the only open crossing left in Berlin. West Germany was blockaded by the Soviets and only kept alive because of air drops made by the Western Allies (Time). The Soviets had to do something about the mass amount of people leaving Soviet East Berlin for West Berlin, and the non-communist world. The most visible aspect of the Cold War was the Berlin Wall. Before the wall was constructed, East and West Germans could travel freely between the two states. The number of East Germans fleeing to West was an embarrassment to the Communists, and something had to be done to pro... ...in a recent pole, 40% of young people in this area would vote for this party of former communists. In the West however, all of the districts, excluding one voted for the conservative Christian Democratic Union. (Time Nov 20th) Though times were tough for many years for some Germans, things are improving slowly. While the wall was erect, many Germans had high hopes of change and continue to strive towards equality nationwide. In June of 1963 when John F. Kennedy visited Berlin, he gave a very impacting speech to the people of Berlin, "There are some who say that Communism is the wave of the future. Let them come to Berlin" (Sidey). Although the wall no longer physically stands, it still today divides Germany and Berlin into two separate states today. Works Cited Benjamin, Daniel. â€Å"Wall of Shame.† Time. November 20, 1989 Canning, Kathleen. â€Å"Responses to German Reunification.† The Journal of the International Institute. 2000. The Regents of the University of Michigan. 07 March 05 Sidey, Hugh. â€Å"The Presidency.† Time. November 20, 1989 Wallace, Charles P., â€Å"Across the Great Divide.† Time Europe. Nov. 15, 1999

Apwh Ch.9 Study Guide

How did the Persian conquest set the stage for the emergence of the Maurya empire? The Persian Conquest left Asia without a ruler, this allowed Chandragupta Maurya to exploit the opportunity and lay down the foundation for the Maurya Empire. . What were five major accomplishments of the emperor Ashoka?The five major accomplishments of the emperor Ashoka were to conquer Kalinga and bring it under Mauryan control, communicated his policies throughout his realm by inscribing edicts in natural stone formations or pillars he ordered to be erected, established his capital at the fortified city of Pataliputra, created a central treasury to oversee the efficient collection of taxes, and he converted to Buddhism. How did the Gupta administrative practices differ from the Maurya?Ashoka had insisted on knowing the details of regional affairs, which he closely monitored from his court at Pataliputra. The Guptas left local government and administration, and even the making of basic policy, in the hands of their allies in the various regions of their empire. How did India fit in to the trade along the Silk Road? The Silk Road allowed India to trade cotton, spices, and gems in return for horses and bullion from the west and silk from China. In what ways did the development of trade and manufacturing impact the caste system?The development of trade and manufacturing led way to new groups of artisans, craftsmen and merchants, many who did not fit easily in the established structure. Individuals that worked in the same craft usually got together to form a guild, a corporate body that watched prices and wages in an industry and provided for the members and their families. What are the fundamental beliefs of Jainism? What has been its long-term impact? Why did it never become as popular as other major world religions? The fundamental beliefs of Jainism are ahisma or nonviolence, that verything has a soul, and that there should not be a caste system. It never became as popular as o ther major world religions because the ascetic life that is enforced was too extreme. Its long term impact is that it influenced many beliefs in China up until the nineteenth century. What was the popular appeal of Buddhism? How does it compare and contrast to Hinduism? The appeals of Buddhism are that there is less dependence on Brahmins for ritual services, there was no caste or jati, and it did not demand the rigorous asceticism of Jainism.Buddhism is different from Hinduism because Buddhists use vernacular tongues instead of Sanskrit. It is similar to Hinduism because they both believe in reincarnation, originated in india, made people live according to a certain way (dharma/eightfold path) and they both have the idea of heaven or a spiritual union (nirvana and moksha). How did early Buddhism evolve into Mahayana Buddhism? How did that help spread the religion? Buddhism evolved into Mahayana Buddhism because innovations opened the road to salvation for large numbers of people.Th is helped it because education institutes preferred it to the other form of the religion, thus spreading it efficiently. How did Hinduism evolve in India during this period? Three epics of Hinduism, the Mahabharta, Ramayana, and the Bhagavad Gita reinforced the caste system by emphasizing active life and adherence to caste over the ascetic life. This message opened Hinduism to common people who are used to the caste system and allowed Hinduism to overtake Buddhism.Why did Buddhism eventually lose popularity in India? Buddhism eventually lost popularity in India because it was gradually displaced by Hinduism. It grew remote from the popular masses in India. Terms to know: Boddisatva, Mahayana, stupas, caste system, Jainism, Ashoka Maurya, dharma Dharma: in hinduism, it is the duties and obligations of each caste Caste system: a strict social structure in which classes are determined by heredity, wealth, or occupation Mahayana: a type of Buddhism that offers alvation to everyone and a llows popular worship Stupas: stone shrines that contain the remains and relics of the Buddha Boddisatva: In Mahayana Buddhism, a person who can reach nirvana but delays doing so to save suffering beings. Jainism: a religion that believed everything had a soul and believed in extreme aesthetics Ashoka Maurya: the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, he took the Mauryan empire to great heights and converted to Buddhism after battling the Kalinga tribe.

BUY AN ESSAY

BUY AN ESSAY A career research paper is pursuit of your personal career goals. Career research paper includes a regular essay structure and involves a few additional elements. Your work will start with a research investigation. Address many famous sources to get the full picture. They will include both online and offline sources such as Internet, books, magazines and newspapers. All the necessary information is used as a supporting facts or arguments. If you present information from various resources, a reader will judge your research writing as accurate and full. Need assistance use our writing service and buy an essay online.   Another important fact is to choose topic of your personal interests. It is wise to spend some time and think over what you really like or dwell on. You may also refer to reading different materials. Consult with other professionals and ask them of their personal experience. Then come to a decision. The topic that you have chosen must be narrowed down to be easily manageable.

Free Essays on Islam And The Koran

The word "Islam" is an Arabic word which means "submission to the will of God". This word comes from the same root as the Arabic word "salam", which means "peace" (Berger, 11). As such, the religion of Islam teaches that in order to achieve true peace of mind and surety of heart, one must submit to God and live according to His Divinely revealed Law. The most important truth that God revealed to mankind is that there is nothing divine or worthy of being worshipped except for Almighty God, thus all human beings should submit to Him. The word "Muslim" means one who submits to the will of God, regardless of their race, nationality or ethnic background. Being a Muslim entails willful submission and active obedience to God, and living in accordance with His message (Moore et al). Some people mistakenly believe that Islam is just a religion for Arabs, but nothing could be further from the truth. Not only are there converts to Islam in every corner of the world, especially in England and America, but by taking a look at the Muslim World from Bosnia to Nigeria, and from Indonesia to Morocco, one can clearly see that Muslims come from many various races, ethnic groups and nationalities. It is also interesting to note that in actuality, more than 80% of all Muslims are not Arabs - there are more Muslims in Indonesia than in the whole Arab World (72). So even though it is true that most Arabs are Muslims, the large majority of Muslims are not Arabs. However, anyone who submits completely to God and worships Him alone is a Muslim. Continuity of the Islam message is not a new religion because "submission to the will of God", i.e. Islam, has always been the only acceptable religion in the sight of God. For this reason, Islam is the true "natural religion", and it is the same eternal message revealed through the ages to all of God's prophets and messengers. Muslims believe that all of God's prophets, who include Abraham, Noah, Moses, Jesus and Muh... Free Essays on Islam And The Koran Free Essays on Islam And The Koran The word "Islam" is an Arabic word which means "submission to the will of God". This word comes from the same root as the Arabic word "salam", which means "peace" (Berger, 11). As such, the religion of Islam teaches that in order to achieve true peace of mind and surety of heart, one must submit to God and live according to His Divinely revealed Law. The most important truth that God revealed to mankind is that there is nothing divine or worthy of being worshipped except for Almighty God, thus all human beings should submit to Him. The word "Muslim" means one who submits to the will of God, regardless of their race, nationality or ethnic background. Being a Muslim entails willful submission and active obedience to God, and living in accordance with His message (Moore et al). Some people mistakenly believe that Islam is just a religion for Arabs, but nothing could be further from the truth. Not only are there converts to Islam in every corner of the world, especially in England and America, but by taking a look at the Muslim World from Bosnia to Nigeria, and from Indonesia to Morocco, one can clearly see that Muslims come from many various races, ethnic groups and nationalities. It is also interesting to note that in actuality, more than 80% of all Muslims are not Arabs - there are more Muslims in Indonesia than in the whole Arab World (72). So even though it is true that most Arabs are Muslims, the large majority of Muslims are not Arabs. However, anyone who submits completely to God and worships Him alone is a Muslim. Continuity of the Islam message is not a new religion because "submission to the will of God", i.e. Islam, has always been the only acceptable religion in the sight of God. For this reason, Islam is the true "natural religion", and it is the same eternal message revealed through the ages to all of God's prophets and messengers. Muslims believe that all of God's prophets, who include Abraham, Noah, Moses, Jesus and Muh...

Nuisance ( torts law) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nuisance ( torts law) - Essay Example hurt or annoyance of the lands, tenements, or hereditaments of another." The forms of private nuisances are almost countless, thus resulting in the impossibility of any kind of classification (Putney, 1908). A person who owns a proprietorship interest in the land in which nuisance is inflicted can sue and succeed to claims. For instance the person must be an owner or a party, or be in special custody or occupation of it like tenant or under a licence to reside. Exceptions to the above rule may also be present as in the case of Hunter v Canary Wharf.1 The case of Malone v Laskey2 is an exception of the rule that a licensee can sue. In the mentioned case when the wife of the licensee used the toilet a cistern fell on her head due to the trembling of machinery in the nearby property and she was hurt. But when she claimed it failed because her husband was only a licensee and so it could not be proved that she held a proprietary interest in the land herself. But had this case been occurred now she would have succeeded under negligence. But an exception to this is that the wife of a home owner can sue since she also has a beneficial interest in the matrimonial home Hunter v Canary Wharf. Actually according to law jus tertii meaning right of a third person, is not a good defence to sue in a private nuisance. But if a person is in exclusive possession of the land can sue even if title to it cannot be proved Foster v Warblington.3 Till very lately it was resolved, that the complainant must have an interest in the land so that he could sue in private nuisance. But then in the case of Khorasandijian v. Bush4 it was in particular affirmed that it was no longer suitable to restrict the right to sue by indication to proprietary interest in the land. In this case Lord Dillon said the following†¦Ã¢â‚¬ it is ridiculous if in this present age the law that is the making of deliberately harassing and pestering phone calls to a person is only actionable in the civil courts if a

I Can Problem Solve Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

I Can Problem Solve Program - Essay Example First, it is important to take a careful look at Shure's own approach and experiences with this method. In the article "Raising a Thinking Child: I Can Problem Solve Program For Families," Dr. Shure explains the ICPS approach (2002). Myrna Shure's program, "Raising a Thinking Child: I Can Problem Solve (ICPS) Program for Families, helps to develop interpersonal cognitive problem solving skills (ICPS) relating to behavior, and can be implemented as early as preschool. By focusing on the child's interpersonal cognitive problem solving skills, the program is attempting to help cut back on the child's ability to develop problematic behavior in later life. Parents are also taught in this program, as they are educated to develop an appropriate problem solving method in their own communication, which should give young children the ability to think for themselves (Shure, 2002). When Dr. Shure first made the program, the program had been developed for parents (especially mothers) and guardians of low-income four-year-old African American children. The program has now since grown, and works with parents of children that are as old as seven, as well as middle and upper-middle income children, and children that demonstrate at-risk behaviors (for instance, children with ADHD or any other special need (Shure, 2002). In order to finish the program, ten to twelve weekly sessions are required. In order to get a grasp of the approach, six weeks of training is necessary. The first lesson teaches problem solving vocabulary by using games. This is followed by the second section, which trains the children listening skills, as well as how to read people's feelings and understand their own feelings. This should help them understand that people can feel differently about the same concept. The last part of the program provides hypothetical problems to the children, asking t hem to take people's feelings into consideration as well as consequences of their actions and various ways to problem solve. Parents are, throughout the training, learning how to discover their child's comprehension of problems, while learning how to engage their child in problem solving techniques (Shure, 2002).According to Dr. Shure, among low-income African-American mothers, two hypothesis-testing studies and one pilot were done with four year olds. After this, there was a three year follow up, examining the children at the ages of six or seven. When studying the middle and upper-middle Caucasian children and parents involved in the program, as well as those with learning problems, the researcher was able to discover that the children had gained in alternative solution thinking skills, and this had helped to cut back on bad behaviors in both school and home settings. Children that started the program during their kindergarten years also did better overall academically (Shure, 200 2).Dr. Shure has completed several studies that help to support the success of the method. This includes her article "Interpersonal problem-solving in young children: A cognitive approach to prevention," when a 1982 study demonstrated that ICPS was yet again successful.

To what extent do you believe that the RIPA 2000 balances Respect for Essay

To what extent do you believe that the RIPA 2000 balances Respect for Private Life with a Need to Protect the Public - Essay Example It is argued that the balance is in favour of protection of the public. The Right to Privacy In order to determine the extent to which the tensions between protection of the public and protection of the right to privacy are balanced in the context of online communications via RIPA, it is first necessary to analyse the legal framework relative to the right to privacy. ... However, where those exceptions exist such as the protection of the public or the prevention of crime, interference in the individual’s right to privacy must be according to law. In this regard, the European Court of Human Rights (EHR) ruled that any such laws or regulatory regime must be clear enough so that average citizens is aware that he or she does not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the circumstances allowing state interference in private life.6 Obviously where an individual engages in certain activities in public, there can be no reasonable expectation of privacy.7 Obviously online communications are activities conducted in public and thus there should be no reasonable expectation of privacy, thus no breach of Article 8(1).8 Even so, the European Court of Human Rights has held that the mere fact that activities are conducted in public does not automatically mean that there can be no reasonable expectation of privacy.9 It therefore follows that if an activit y is conducted in public and there is a reasonable expectation of privacy, the protection of privacy as provided for under Article 8 of the ECHR will arise. Online communications can be regarded as public activities but can raise complex questions as to whether or not there is a reasonable expectation of privacy. For example, posting in a public forum online or blogging are probably as public as an individual carrying a â€Å"banner† in public can reasonably expect for it to be read by almost anyone.10 Complicating matters for online communications relative to a reasonable expectation of privacy, online users often have several tools available to them for â€Å"restricting access.†11 On the other hands, there are instances in online communications where the user obviously has a

Free

Free Will Philosophy Essay I strongly believe that W.T. Stace is correct while arguing for the view of soft determinism, also known as compatibilism. Stace believes in compatibilism, which states that determinism is true, but free will still does exist. He puts both views together by studying the definition of free will. Stace asks, â€Å"How can anyone be punished or rewarded for his or her actions if they have no control over their actions?† That statement seemed extremely convincing to me because both d’Holbach and Chisholm supported one side of the argument. d’Holbach and Chisholm argued that we are either strictly determined by the laws of nature and physics or that we are not determined, rather being we have the power to do as we choose. Stace on the other hand, put both positions together and made them work together. He explained that the laws of nature and physics do have an impact on our choices, but we do have the ability to choose what we want to choose when making a decision. Outside forces may push on our decision, but we are the ones responsible for choosing what we want to choose. He persuasively defends his view of soft determinism by explaining the definition of free will. He states, â€Å"In order for one to define free will, one must look into how the phrase is commonly used.† The way a philosopher interprets free will is different than the way a common person will do so. Stace defines free acts as acts that are directly caused by a person’s internal thoughts or desires coming directly from the person. Not free acts are those that have outside forces pushing a person to do something a certain way such as a threat or harm. This was very different from what other philosophers have stated in the past. By providing examples of free will, Stace points out that free will clearly does exist. It wouldn’t make sense for free will not to exist since it is compatible with determinism.

A Change of Heart Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

A Change of Heart Stepping through the revolving glass doors of the hospital felt like entering a completely different world. With my arms crossed over my chest, I followed my parents though the never-ending, eggshell white hallways. My nostrils burned from the fumes of cleaners and sterility. Lovely paintings and luscious plants filled the walkways, trying to mask the hollow, empty feeling that most visitors felt. We passed two types of people along the way to our destination: the kind that strolled by while flashing everyone big, cheery smiles, and the people who kept their gaze straight ahead ignoring your mere existence; I preferred the latter. I did not belong in this place. This was a place for the sick, a place where people went to die. My grandfather did not belong here. We continued walking as my thoughts slipped away to a more pleasant time in my life. I pictured our family tradition of traveling to my grandparents' home every Sunday afternoon. Their quaint little home, white washed with baby blue shutters welcomed any stranger and had a faint honeysuckle aroma that soothed the weariest of souls. We ate lunch together with my grandfather and grandmother sitting like kings and queens at opposite ends of the table. Then everyone gathered in the family room and spent the late afternoon playing games and catching up on the big events of the week. My grandfather spent his time playing with each grandchild one at a time so we would feel special. Anyone could tell that he loved his job as a grandparent. His eyes twinkled with delight and his smile never faded as he spent time with us. He loved throwing us up in the air with his powerful arms, until we squealed with delight as our stomachs flew above our heads. ... ... take a step forward. The situation glimmered with a stream of hope. Reaching his hand out to me, I edged even closer and placed my hand atop his. At that moment, I knew that everything would turn out okay. My grandfather had changed physically but not mentally. I needed his smile to assure me of that. A calming feeling came over me as I walked through the revolving doors and out of the hospital into the bright sunshine. Removing the 200 pounds of iron that sat on my heart and leaving behind the massive building which housed the source of my troubles felt welcoming. I walked away from the situation knowing that my grandfather's personality or love for me did not change. However, my attitude shifted from looking at my grandfather as not being acceptable, to understanding that the only thing that had changed was his physical appearance; he was still the same.

Comparison And Contrast Of Lit Essay -- essays research papers

The view point of an author can be determined easily by comparing works of the same basic plots and characters. Also by contrasting the same two works is equally as important. “Little Red Riding Hood'; by Charles Perrault and Angela Carter’s “The Company of Wolves'; are perfect examples. The writer’s purpose, characterization, and readability shows one of many ways of pinpointing the author’s bias.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Clearly Carter and Perrault show a bias with the characters in their stories. Carter’s main character being a female whom is clever, strong, and an in-depth thinker who is always thinking ahead. This shows that the author was probably writing during the women’s movement, where women began entering the work place and becoming more than mere objects or at home mothers. On the other hand Perrault’s view of a young innocent child, shows with the outcome that one should learn their lesson from this story. This was typical prior to the modern age when stories were lessons learned. There were religious implications noted in Carter’s work where Perrault did not. For example “she is dressed and ready and it is Christmas Eve,'; (820) and another example “you must run as if the Devil is after you.';(820) Yet another phrase that relates to the Devil states, “They say there’s an ointment the Devil gives you that turns you into a wolf t...

Mayan Civilization and ruins

Since the dawn of mankind, there has always been civilizations have that have made a lasting impression on the world. There very few civilizations that have been that have achieved the term greatness associated with it and ‘Mayan civilization’ is one of the rare few. It can be dubbed as one of the longest serving civilizations of the ancient times as it is noted that it started around 1000 B.C but ended by 1500 A.D. It was considered as they were one of the most advance civilizations on the western hemisphere until the arrival of the Europeans. This civilization was located in Central America and was found from the north central down to the southern part of Mexico. This was a civilization that went through periodical changes in its living due to external factors associated with it. This Native American culture is noted in the history as one of the advance civilizations of that era. There has been a popular belief that has been associated with the Mayan civilization that it was an amalgamated empire. In actual terms it was a whole host of divided units having a common cultural background. The entire ‘Yucantan Pennisula’ had around 20 states which were all ruled by different sovereign leadership, but on an inventive logic, they were a nation on their own with religion being an important aspect of their lives. Since the Mayan civilization was spread on a large area, the geographical conditions for the civilization varied with extremities, which can adjudged from the fact they had volcanic mountains from the highlands in the south to porous limestone areas dominating the central and the northern regions of the civilization. Mayan civilization can be categorized into three categories, pre-classic period, classic period and post classic period. The entire culture has revolved and evolved around these three periods. The civilization had huge forests and because of the diversity of the topographical situation of the civilization, varied no of animals like the ‘caiman’, a fierce kind of crocodile to different kinds of monkeys was found. Mayan pre classic period This was supposed to be the period of formulation in which the population boomed and new innovative techniques were made for agriculture. The leaders were chosen from strong spiritual backgrounds and it was considered as that the lowlands of the civilization held acute importance because it was supposed to be a ceremonial centre. The following will explain the Mayan professional inclinations and techniques: ‘In the Preclassic period, they adopted intensive farming techniques such as continuous cultivation involving crop rotation and fertilizers, household gardens, and terraces. In some areas, they built raised fields in seasonal swamps. Their main crops included maize (corn), beans, squash, avocados, chili peppers, pineapples, papayas, and cacao, which was made into a chocolate drink with water and hot chilies. Rabbits, deer, and turkeys were hunted for making stews. Fishing also supplied part of their diet. Turkeys, ducks, and dogs were kept as domesticated animals. When they were not hunting, fishing, or in the fields, Maya men made stone tools, clay figurines, jade carvings, ropes, baskets, and mats. The women made painted pottery vessels out of coiled strands of clay, and they wove ponchos, men’s loincloths’ (Encarta) Mayans were very much influenced by spirituality and had gods for almost every thing that even included gods for rains, good harvest. As time passed by the study of astronomy became popular in that era leading to studies of astrology on the basis of sun moon and other planets. Major edifices were constructed then like ‘kaminaljuyu’ and ‘tikal’ were constructed which were pyramid shaped high temples, where the system of sacrifice was started to be used. More and more massive pyramids started building in that era and the priests started enjoying super powers. Women weren’t that important from political point of view and it was a very rare sight to see women on top chieftain positions. Mayan Classic period This was an era of the Mayan civilization that can be considered as its prime era and here the system of king and kingship started which had a system of the king’s family continuing as future leaders. There was also a hierarchical system in which the government functioned.   There was major research done in the field of medicine and writing was developed extensively. The subject of astronomy had become more enhance with calculative movements predicting rains to fortune to the cities.   This was the time when societies had turned into complex models the king was noted the highest figure after which there were the priests and then the nobles who mainly responsible for protecting land and attacking enemies. This was the time of more gore and violence and mini wars were constantly waged between one and other. What mad this era special was the Mayan civilization themselves started noting rituals and their history with their elaborative writing skills. The transition of power from generations to ethical rituals along with its architectural secrets was all jotted down on stone and wood. Later on folding tree books were made as they were more handy then carrying stones. Due to the high humidity and invasions, these books didn’t survive and only 4 books are known today, i.e., the Dresden codex, the Madud coded, the Paris codex and the Grolier codex. The learning also was limited to mostly priests and few nobles and a monopoly was played so that only few people could learn and use their knowledge on others. The writing also consisted of mostly pictures and pictography was first devised by Mayan civilization for learning purposes. This was also an important era that marked trade as an important aspect of the civilization. Sacrifice was an important aspect for the culture and the following would hard line the fact of Mayan civilizations involvement in sacrifices:‘Indian pictorial texts known as â€Å"codices,† as well as Spanish accounts from the time, quote Indians as describing multiple forms of human sacrifice. Victims had their hearts cut out or were decapitated, shot full of arrows, clawed, sliced to death, stoned, crushed, skinned, buried alive or tossed from the tops of temples. Children were said to be frequent victims, in part because they were considered pure and unspoiled. The first researchers tried to make a distinction between the ‘peaceful' Maya and the ‘brutal' cultures of central Mexico and But in carvings and mural paintings, he said, â€Å"we have now found more and greater similarities between the Aztecs and Mayas,† including a Maya ceremony in which a grotesquely costumed priest is shown pulling the entrails from a bound and apparently living sacrificial victim’ (Mark Stevenson). Mayan post Classic period This can be considered as a time when the decline of the Mayan civilization started step by step. Since the governments had become much segmented, there was more violence and war during that phase, where entire villages would get destroyed in the name of war. There was also the Toltec domination followed by Spanish invaders taking over Mexico by the early 16th century.   This was however the phase of having plastered walls and painted murals. Socially the civilization had peaked and it was mandatory for guests to bring in gifts while visits. Slave culture flourished in this era and slaves which were mostly people who were captured from wars were highly mistreated and often sacrificed after their masters dies, as they had an ideology that they would serve their masters in afterlife. Mayan Ruins Ruins of Mayan civilization can still be found it the entire peninsula. Their culture had so many architectural advancements that it is today possible to watch quiet a lot of their ruins and gather more information about them. Ruins like ‘the temple of the inscriptions’ in Mexico and the ‘palenque’ are very prominent ruins of the civilization. The former rises 75 feet and it is rested neatly over a hill and is one of the prime examples free standing pyramids. Another site in Mexico located in Coba, was built around 4 large lake structures and had been inhabitant for more than thousand years. The biggest pyramid of that site 120 feet and is known as Nohoch Mul. The following piece will explain the beauty and architectural genius of the civilization: ‘Miguel à ngel Asturias, named Nobel Laureate in 1967, wrote â€Å"Only Guatemala is comparable to itself,† describing it as â€Å"a land of natural dreamscapes†¦mysterious presences and absences.† Tikal, the largest known Mayan city, is incomparable in the same way; its size imposing and intimidating, its setting lush and teeming with wildlife, and with a mysterious and overwhelming atmosphere best described in the writing of Asturias’ Works Cited: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Encarta, â€Å" Mayan civilization†. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mark Stevenson, â€Å"Evidence may back human sacrifice claims†. http://www.livescience.com/history/human_sacrifice_050123.html 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Maya Ruins, â€Å"Photos of Tikal†. http://www.mayaruins.com/tikal.html 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://archaeology.about.com/od/archaeologic7/Ruins_of_the_Maya_Civilization.htm